The common cellular process of chromium and similar toxic elements are oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell death. Their cations have strong affinity for sulfur found in proteins, and thus they can deactivate the enzymes and stop or alter metabolic processes. In this study, absorption and toxicity of Cr were discussed taking into consider its solubility in water as well as chemical species and way of intake into body. Further, concentrations of total Cr and sulfur in cereal foods consumed commonly in Turkey were evaluated by a physiological approach. Among the studied 29 cereal samples, Cr concentrations in 17 of them (60%) were found to be higher (p < 0.5) than the MCL of 0.30 mg kg⁻¹. Total estimated daily intake (∑EDI) from cereal foods was found to be 0.0330 mg/day/prs, that is, 66% of lower band and 16% of upper band of the RDA. Among other total mean values, ∑EWI = 0.231 (max. EWI:1.4 mg/week/prs), ∑EED = 1.8 × 10⁻⁴, and HI_Cr(III) = ∑HQ = 1.2 × 10⁻⁴ (lower than 1) reveal that the probability of an individual developing cancer over a lifetime as a result of exposure to Cr through consumption of rice was higher (p < 0.5) than acceptable risk levels (EED > 10⁻⁴). This evaluation is based on that chromium found in food and supplements is Cr(III).

中文翻译：

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谷物食品中的铬及其浓度对健康的影响以及硫

铬和类似毒性元素的常见细胞过程是由活性氧，DNA损伤，细胞凋亡和细胞死亡引起的氧化应激。它们的阳离子对蛋白质中的硫具有很强的亲和力，因此它们可以使酶失活并停止或改变代谢过程。在这项研究中，讨论了铬的吸收和毒性，同时考虑了其在水中的溶解度以及化学物质和摄入体内的方式。此外，通过生理学方法评估了土耳其通常食用的谷物食品中总铬和硫的浓度。在研究的29个谷类样品中，其中17个（60％）的Cr浓度高于 0.30 mg kg ^-1的MCL （p <0.5）。。谷类食品的估计总每日摄入量（∑EDI）被发现为0.0330 mg / day / prs，即RDA的下限的66％和上限的16％。在其他总平均值中，∑EWI = 0.231（最大EWI：1.4 mg /周/ prs），∑EED = 1.8×10 ^-4和HI _Cr（III）  = ∑HQ = 1.2×10 ^-4（低于1）表明，由于食用大米而暴露于Cr中，个体终生罹患癌症的可能性 比可接受的风险水平（EED> 10 ^-4）高（p <0.5 ）。该评估基于食品和补品中发现的铬为Cr（III）。