Here we show that Atlantic windstorms of extreme category in northern winter tend to follow a well-defined route toward the Atlantic sector of Arctic, and that heat and moisture transported by these extreme storms significantly warm the Arctic. A positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) condition and the associated intensified upper-level Atlantic jet provide favorable conditions for those extreme storm developments through enhanced vertical wind shear. These extreme windstorms lead to two discernible impacts on the Arctic: 1) enhanced poleward energy transport by moisture intrusion to the Arctic, which accompanies increased longwave downward radiation and 2) the occurrence of blocking-like patterns after the storm break-up. During these periods, significant Arctic warming was observed of a 10-fold increase versus normal and weak storms. The poleward deflections of extreme storms, and the Arctic warming driven by such storms, are well simulated in numerical experiments with ocean-atmosphere coupled models.

中文翻译：

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极端大西洋风暴在北极变暖中的关键作用

在这里，我们表明，北部冬季的极端暴风雨倾向于沿着一条明确的路线通往大西洋的北极地区，这些极端暴风带来的热量和水分极大地温暖了北极。积极的北大西洋涛动（NAO）条件和相关的加剧的上层大西洋喷气机通过增强的垂直风切变为那些极端风暴的发展提供了有利条件。这些极端的暴风雨对北极产生了两个明显的影响：1）水分入侵北极增强了向极的能量传输，伴随着长波向下辐射的增加，以及2）暴风雨爆发后出现了类似阻塞的模式。在这些时期内，观测到明显的北极变暖，是正常风暴和弱风暴的10倍。