Aims The architecture of root systems determines where and how much resources plants can extract from the soil, how they compete for soil resources, and how they interact with soil organisms. We aimed to develop a 3D root-system model called RSCone for future inclusion into multispecies individual-based canopy models suitable to design integrated weed management or intercropping strategies. Methods We (1) proposed a conceptual root-system model consisting of empirical equations predicting root-system envelope, root length and biomass distribution from environmental conditions, species and plant stage, (2) calibrated the model from simulations with an existing architectural root-system model (ArchiSimple) to benefit from its knowledge on root functioning and the many parameterized crop and weed species, (3) identified the root-system architectural processes driving the key root state variables and (4) established species functional groups with Principal Component Analyses and clustering. Results RSCone consists of 17 equations and 14 parameters; it was calibrated for 22 weeds and 22 crop species and varieties. Six species functional groups were established, depending on their family ( Poaceae , Fabaceae , other), root-extension rates, specific root length (SRL) and the time to reach maximum SRL. Conclusion RSCone is ready to be included into multispecies (crop and/or weed) dynamics models.

中文翻译：

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对 3D 建筑根系统模型进行元建模，以提供基于关键过程和物种功能组的简单模型

目的 根系的结构决定了植物可以从土壤中提取资源的位置和数量，它们如何竞争土壤资源，以及它们如何与土壤生物相互作用。我们的目标是开发一种名为 RSCone 的 3D 根系模型，以供将来纳入适合设计综合杂草管理或间作策略的基于多物种个体的冠层模型。方法 我们 (1) 提出了一个概念性根系模型，该模型由经验方程组成，根据环境条件、物种和植物阶段预测根系包膜、根长和生物量分布，(2) 根据现有建筑根系的模拟校准模型 -系统模型 (ArchiSimple) 受益于其关于根功能和许多参数化作物和杂草种类的知识，(3) 确定驱动关键根状态变量的根系统架构过程和 (4) 使用主成分分析和聚类建立物种功能组。结果 RSCone 由 17 个方程和 14 个参数组成；它针对 22 种杂草和 22 种作物品种和品种进行了校准。根据它们的家族（禾本科、豆科、其他）、根伸长率、比根长度 (SRL) 和达到最大 SRL 的时间，建立了六个物种功能组。结论 RSCone 已准备好纳入多物种（作物和/或杂草）动力学模型。它针对 22 种杂草和 22 种作物品种和品种进行了校准。根据它们的家族（禾本科、豆科、其他）、根伸长率、比根长度 (SRL) 和达到最大 SRL 的时间，建立了六个物种功能组。结论 RSCone 已准备好纳入多物种（作物和/或杂草）动力学模型。它针对 22 种杂草和 22 种作物品种和品种进行了校准。根据它们的家族（禾本科、豆科、其他）、根伸长率、比根长度 (SRL) 和达到最大 SRL 的时间，建立了六个物种功能组。结论 RSCone 已准备好纳入多物种（作物和/或杂草）动力学模型。