Neonicotinoids have been used to protect crops and animals from insect pests since the 1990s, but there are concerns regarding their adverse effects on nontarget organisms, notably on bees. Enhanced resistance to neonicotinoids in pests is becoming well documented. We address the current understanding of neonicotinoid target site interactions, selectivity, and metabolism not only in pests but also in beneficial insects such as bees. The findings are relevant to the management of both neonicotinoids and the new generation of pesticides targeting insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

中文翻译：

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新烟碱类杀虫剂：分子靶标，抗药性和毒性。

自1990年代以来，新烟碱已用于保护农作物和动物免受虫害的侵害，但人们担心它们对非目标生物特别是对蜜蜂的不利影响。对害虫中新烟碱类的增强抗性已得到充分证明。我们解决了目前对新烟碱靶位相互作用，选择性和新陈代谢的理解，不仅在害虫中，而且在有益的昆虫（如蜜蜂）中也是如此。这些发现与新烟碱类药物以及针对昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的新一代农药的管理有关。