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Direct and indirect effects of temperature and prey abundance on bald eagle reproductive dynamics.
Oecologia ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-19 , DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04578-8
Joshua H Schmidt 1 , Judy Putera 2 , Tammy L Wilson 3, 4
Affiliation  

Understanding the mechanisms by which populations are regulated is critical for predicting the effects of large-scale perturbations. While discrete mortality events provide clear evidence of direct impacts, indirect pathways are more difficult to assess but may play important roles in population and ecosystem dynamics. Here, we use multi-state occupancy models to analyze a long-term dataset on nesting bald eagles in south-central Alaska with the goal of identifying both direct and indirect mechanisms influencing reproductive output in this apex predator. We found that the probabilities of both nest occupancy and success were higher in the portion of the study area where water turbidity was low, supporting the hypothesis that access to aquatic prey is a critical factor limiting the reproductive output of eagles in this system. As expected, nest success was also positively related to salmon abundance; however, the negative effect of spring warmth suggested that access to salmon resources is indirectly diminished in warm springs as a consequence of increased glacial melt. Together, these findings reveal complex interrelationships between a critical prey resource and large-scale weather and climate processes which likely alter the accessibility of resources rather than directly affecting resource abundance. While important for understanding bald eagle reproductive dynamics in this system specifically, our results have broader implications that suggest complex interrelationships among system components.

中文翻译:

温度和猎物丰富度对秃鹰生殖动力学的直接和间接影响。

了解人口调节的机制对于预测大规模扰动的影响至关重要。尽管离散的死亡事件提供了直接影响的明确证据,但间接途径更难评估,但可能在人口和生态系统动态中发挥重要作用。在这里,我们使用多州占用模型来分析阿拉斯加中南部筑巢的白头鹰的长期数据,其目的是确定影响该先头动物捕食者繁殖产量的直接和间接机制。我们发现,在水混浊度较低的研究区域,巢居和成功的可能性都较高,这支持了以下假设:水生猎物是限制该系统中鹰繁殖产量的关键因素。不出所料 巢的成功与鲑鱼的丰度也呈正相关。但是,春季温暖的负面影响表明,由于冰川融化的增加,温暖温泉中鲑鱼资源的获取间接减少了。总之,这些发现揭示了关键猎物资源与大规模天气和气候过程之间的复杂相互关系,这很可能会改变资源的可及性,而不是直接影响资源的丰度。虽然对于特别了解该系统中的秃鹰生殖动力学很重要,但我们的结果具有更广泛的含义,表明系统组件之间存在复杂的相互关系。春季温暖的负面影响表明,由于冰川融化增加,在温暖的春季间接减少了鲑鱼资源的获取。总之,这些发现揭示了关键猎物资源与大规模天气和气候过程之间的复杂相互关系,这很可能会改变资源的可及性,而不是直接影响资源的丰度。虽然对于特别了解该系统中的秃鹰生殖动力学很重要,但我们的结果具有更广泛的含义,表明系统组件之间存在复杂的相互关系。春季温暖的负面影响表明,由于冰川融化增加,在温暖的春季间接减少了鲑鱼资源的获取。总之,这些发现揭示了关键猎物资源与大规模天气和气候过程之间的复杂相互关系,这很可能会改变资源的可及性,而不是直接影响资源的丰度。虽然对于特别了解该系统中的秃鹰生殖动力学很重要,但我们的结果具有更广泛的含义,表明系统组件之间存在复杂的相互关系。这些发现揭示了关键猎物资源与大规模天气和气候过程之间的复杂相互关系,这很可能会改变资源的可及性,而不是直接影响资源的丰度。虽然对于特别了解该系统中的秃鹰生殖动力学很重要,但我们的结果具有更广泛的含义,表明系统组件之间存在复杂的相互关系。这些发现揭示了关键猎物资源与大规模天气和气候过程之间的复杂相互关系,这很可能会改变资源的可及性,而不是直接影响资源的丰度。虽然对于特别了解该系统中的秃鹰生殖动力学很重要,但我们的结果具有更广泛的含义,表明系统组件之间存在复杂的相互关系。
更新日期:2020-01-04
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