Environment-sensitive genic male sterility is a valid tool for hybrid production and hybrid breeding, but there are no previous reports of the molecular mechanism of fertility conversion. In this study, RNA-seq, phenotypic and cytological observations, and physiological indexes were applied to analyze thermo-sensitive genic male sterility line 4110S under different temperature conditions to explore the fertility transformation mechanism. In total, 3420 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified comprising 2331 upregulated genes and 1089 downregulated genes. The DEGs were apparently distributed among 54 Gene Ontology functional groups. The phenylpropanoid, long-chain fatty acid, and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathways were related to male sterility, where their downregulation blocked the synthesis of sporopollenin and JA. Phenotypic and cytological analyses showed that pollen wall defects and anther indehiscence at high temperatures induced sterility. Moreover, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated that the abundance of JA was lower in 4110S under restrictive conditions (high temperature) than permissive conditions (low temperature). A possible regulated network of pathways associated with male sterility was suggested. These results provided insights into the molecular mechanism of fertility conversion in the thermosensitive male sterility system.

中文翻译：

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在高温下，基因型雄性不育小麦品系4110S孢粉蛋白和茉莉酸的合成受阻，会导致花粉壁缺陷和花药开裂。

对环境敏感的雄性不育是杂交生产和杂交育种的有效工具，但是以前没有关于生育力转化的分子机制的报道。本研究利用RNA-seq，表型和细胞学观察以及生理指标，分析了不同温度条件下热敏性雄性不育系4110S的育性转化机理。总共鉴定出3420个差异表达基因（DEG），包括2331个上调基因和1089个下调基因。DEG显然分布在54个基因本体论功能组中。苯丙烷，长链脂肪酸和茉莉酸（JA）的生物合成途径与雄性不育有关，它们的下调阻止了孢粉和JA的合成。表型和细胞学分析表明，花粉壁缺陷和高温下的花药开裂会导致不育。此外，酶联免疫吸附试验的结果表明，在限制性条件（高温）下，在4110S中JA的丰度低于允许条件（低温）。建议与男性不育症相关的可能调控途径网络。这些结果提供了对热敏雄性不育系统中生育力转化的分子机制的见解。酶联免疫吸附试验的结果表明，在限制性条件（高温）下，4110S中JA的丰度低于允许条件（低温）。建议与男性不育症相关的可能调控途径网络。这些结果提供了对热敏雄性不育系统中生育力转化的分子机制的见解。酶联免疫吸附试验的结果表明，在限制性条件（高温）下，4110S中JA的丰度低于允许条件（低温）。建议与男性不育症相关的可能调控途径网络。这些结果提供了对热敏雄性不育系统中生育力转化的分子机制的见解。