During the last century, the world population has shown a staggering increase in its proportion of elderly members and thus neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), respectively, are becoming an increasing burden on society. Among the diverse, significant challenges facing clinicians, is the improvement of diagnostic measures to detect early and subtle symptoms, a phase in which prevention efforts might be expected to have their greatest impact and provide a measure of disease progression that can be evaluated during the course of drug treatment. At present, clinical diagnosis of AD and PD is based on a constellation of symptoms and manifestations, although the disease originated several years earlier. Given the multiple etiological nature of AD and PD, it is reasonable to assume that the initial causative pathobiological processes may differ between the affected individuals. Therefore, the availability of biological markers or biomarkers will help not only early disease diagnosis, but also delineate the pathological mechanisms more definitively and reliably than the traditional cognitive and neurological phenotypes. In the current article, we review the literature on biochemical, genetic, and neuroimaging biomarkers and discuss their predictive value as indicative for disease vulnerability to detect individuals at risk for PD and AD, and to determine the clinical efficacy of novel, disease-modifying (neuroprotective) strategies.

中文翻译：

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用于评估阿尔茨海默氏症和帕金森氏病多潜能神经保护药物临床疗效的生物标志物。


在上个世纪，世界人口中老年人的比例急剧增加，因此阿尔茨海默病（AD）和帕金森病（PD）等神经退行性疾病分别成为社会日益沉重的负担。临床医生面临的各种重大挑战之一是改进诊断措施以检测早期和微妙的症状，在这个阶段，预防工作可能会产生最大的影响，并提供可以在过程中评估的疾病进展的衡量标准的药物治疗。目前，AD 和 PD 的临床诊断基于一系列症状和表现，尽管该疾病起源于几年前。鉴于 AD 和 PD 的多种病因学性质，可以合理地假设受影响个体之间最初的致病病理生物学过程可能有所不同。因此，生物标志物或生物标志物的可用性不仅有助于早期疾病诊断，而且比传统的认知和神经表型更明确、更可靠地描述病理机制。在本文中，我们回顾了有关生化、遗传和神经影像生物标志物的文献，并讨论了它们作为疾病脆弱性指示的预测价值，以检测有 PD 和 AD 风险的个体，并确定新型疾病缓解药物的临床疗效。神经保护）策略。