Calixphyrins are hybrid macrocycles that contain both sp²- and sp³-hybridized carbon atoms and hence bear analogy to both porphyrins and calixpyrroles. Due to the presence of sp³-hybridized carbon atoms, π-conjugation is disrupted in calixphyrins, which leads to conformational flexibility. Hence, these molecules find a use in anion binding, host-guest chemistry and metal-coordination chemistry. During the last decade, studies on calixphyrins have been a topic of wide interest to researchers. Various functionalities have been introduced to the structure of calixphyrins, leading to the development of expanded calixphyrins, core-modified calixphyrins and N-confused calixphyrins with diverse applications. This review outlines the detailed historical origin of the synthesis of calixphyrins with emphasis on current research and development in this area. The modular syntheses of normal calixphyrins, expanded calixphyrins, core-modified calixphyrins and N-confused calixphyrins are also discussed, along with their applicative aspects.

杯卟啉是包含sp ²和sp ³杂化碳原子的杂化大环，因此与卟啉和杯吡咯类似。由于存在sp ³-杂化碳原子时，杯状卟啉中的π共轭被破坏，从而导致构象柔韧性。因此，这些分子可用于阴离子结合，客体-客体化学和金属配位化学。在过去的十年中，有关杯粉蛋白的研究一直是研究人员广泛关注的话题。杯状卟啉的结构已经引入了各种功能，从而导致了扩展的杯状卟啉，核修饰的杯状卟啉和N-混淆的杯状卟啉的开发，并具有多种应用。这篇综述概述了杯卟啉合成的详细历史渊源，重点是该领域的当前研究与开发。还讨论了正常杯状卟啉，扩展杯状卟啉，核心修饰的杯状卟啉和N混淆的杯状卟啉的模块合成，