Controlling the morphology of the MAPbI_3−xCl_x active layer has remained a challenge towards advancing perovskite solar cells (PvSCs). Here, we demonstrate that a low temperature additive dripping (AD) treatment step, using diphenyl ether (DPE), can significantly improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE), compared to the control device using chlorobenzene (CB), by 15% up to 16.64%, with a high current density (JSC) of 22.67 mA/cm². We chose DPE for its small and appropriate dipole moment to adjust the solubility of the MAPbI_3−xCl_x precursor during the formation of the intermediate phase and the MAPbI_3−xCl_x phase. The low DPE vapor pressure provides a longer processing window for the removal of residual dimethylformamide (DMF), during the annealing process, for improved perovskite formation. Imaging and X-ray analysis both reveal that the MAPbI_3−xCl_x film exhibits enlarged grains with increased crystallinity. Together, these improvements result in reduced carrier recombination and hole trap-state density in the MAPbI_3−xCl_x film, while minimizing the hysteresis problem typical of PvSCs. These results show thatthe AD approach is a promising technique for improving PvSCs.

中文翻译：

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使用二苯醚促进钙钛矿结晶的添加剂滴落技术，用于高效太阳能电池

控制MAPbI _{3- x} Cl _x活性层的形态仍然是推进钙钛矿太阳能电池（PvSCs）的挑战。在此，我们证明，与使用氯苯（CB）的控制装置相比，使用二苯醚（DPE）的低温添加剂滴落（AD）处理步骤可以显着提高功率转换效率（PCE）。 16.64％，具有22.67 mA / cm ²的高电流密度（J SC）。我们选择DPE的原因在于其较小且适当的偶极矩，以便在形成中间相和MAPbI _{3- x} Cl的过程中调节MAPbI _{3- x} Cl _x前体的溶解度_x相。低DPE蒸气压为退火过程中残留的二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）的去除提供了更长的处理窗口，从而改善了钙钛矿的形成。成像和X射线分析均显示MAPbI _{3- x} Cl _x膜显示出晶粒增大，结晶度增加。总之，这些改进可降低MAPbI _{3- x} Cl _x薄膜中的载流子复合和空穴陷阱态密度，同时最大程度地降低PvSC的典型滞后问题。这些结果表明，AD方法是改善PvSC的有前途的技术。