The driver and passenger mutations accumulated in the process of malignant transformation offer an adequate spectrum of immune visible alterations to the cellular proteome and resulting peptidome to render these cancers targetable-and, in theory, rejectable-by the host T cell immune response. In addition, cancers often overexpress tissue-specific and developmental antigens to which immune tolerance is incomplete. Sometimes, virally transferred oncogenes drive malignant transformation and remain expressed throughout the cancer. Despite this state of antigenic sufficiency, cancer grows progressively and overcomes all efforts of the host immune system to contain it. While therapeutic cancer vaccination can mobilize high frequencies of tumor-specific T cells, these responses remain subject to intratumoral attenuation. Antibody modulation of T cell function through checkpoint blockade or costimulatory activation can restore survival, proliferation, and effector function to these tumor-infiltrating T cells and convert otherwise subtherapeutic vaccines into potentially curative cancer immunotherapeutics.

中文翻译：

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免疫检查点调节时代的治疗性癌症疫苗的新希望。

在恶性转化过程中积累的驱动程序和乘客突变为细胞蛋白质组和由此产生的肽组提供了足够范围的免疫可见改变，从而使这些癌症成为目标，并且在理论上可以被宿主T细胞免疫应答所拒绝。另外，癌症通常过表达免疫耐受不完全的组织特异性和发育性抗原。有时，病毒转移的癌基因会驱动恶性转化，并在整个癌症中保持表达。尽管存在这种抗原充足的状态，但癌症仍在逐渐发展，并克服了宿主免疫系统遏制它的所有努力。尽管治疗性癌症疫苗接种可以动员高频率的肿瘤特异性T细胞，但这些反应仍会受到肿瘤内衰减的影响。