A primary mode of cancer prevention and early detection in the United States is the widespread practice of screening. Although many strategies for early detection and prevention are available, adverse outcomes, such as overdiagnosis and overtreatment, are prevalent among those utilizing these approaches. Broad use of mammography and prostate cancer screening are key examples illustrating the potential harms stemming from the detection of indolent lesions and the subsequent overtreatment. Furthermore, there are several cancers for which prevention strategies do not currently exist. Clinical and experimental evidence have expanded our understanding of cancer initiation and progression, and have instructed the development of improved, precise modes of cancer prevention and early detection. Recent cancer prevention and early detection innovations have begun moving towards the integration of molecular knowledge and risk stratification profiles to allow for a more accurate representation of at-risk individuals. The future of cancer prevention and early detection efforts should emphasize the incorporation of precision cancer prevention integration where screening and cancer prevention regimens can be matched to one’s risk of cancer due to known genomic and environmental factors.

在美国，癌症预防和早期发现的主要模式是筛查的广泛实践。尽管有许多用于早期发现和预防的策略，但是在使用这些方法的患者中，不良后果（如过度诊断和过度治疗）普遍存在。乳房X线照相术和前列腺癌筛查的广泛使用是说明因检测到惰性病变和随后的过度治疗而可能造成危害的关键例子。此外，有些癌症目前尚无预防策略。临床和实验证据扩大了我们对癌症发生和发展的理解，并指导了改进的，精确的癌症预防和早期发现模式的发展。最近的癌症预防和早期发现创新已开始朝着整合分子知识和风险分层特征的方向发展，以允许更准确地表示高风险个体。未来的癌症预防和早期检测工作应强调整合精密的癌症预防集成，其中筛查和癌症预防方案可因已知的基因组和环境因素而与癌症风险相匹配。