Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the lung provide a frontline defence against respiratory pathogens. Vaccination models that lodge CD8⁺ Trm populations in the lung have been developed, all of which incorporate the local delivery of antigen plus adjuvant into the airways; a necessary approach as local cognate antigen recognition is required for optimal lung Trm development. Although pulmonary delivery of antigen is important for lung Trm development, the impact the co-administered adjuvant has on Trm differentiation is unclear. We show that while altering the adjuvant co-administered with the pulmonary delivered antigen does not impact the size of the lung Trm population, a particular adjuvant, zymosan, when administered into the airways without antigen can drive effector CD8⁺ T cells to differentiate into lung Trm. Zymosan signalling via dectin-1 receptor was sufficient to promote antigen-independent lung Trm development. When combined with an injectable influenza vaccination regime, intranasal zymosan delivery significantly boosted the size of the influenza virus-specific lung Trm population. Our results highlight that eliciting the appropriate local inflammatory milieu can by-pass the requirement for local antigen recognition in lung Trm development and emphasises that the appropriate selection of adjuvant can greatly improve vaccines that aim to elicit pulmonary Trm.

肺中的组织驻留记忆 T 细胞 (Trm) 提供针对呼吸道病原体的前线防御。已经开发出将CD8 ^{+ Trm 群体寄宿在肺部的疫苗接种模型，所有这些模型都将抗原和佐剂局部输送到气道中；}一种必要的方法，因为局部同源抗原识别是最佳肺 Trm 发育所必需的。虽然抗原的肺部递送对于肺 Trm 发育很重要，但共同给予的佐剂对 Trm 分化的影响尚不清楚。我们表明，虽然改变与肺部递送抗原共同施用的佐剂不会影响肺 Trm 群体的大小，但当在没有抗原的情况下施用到气道中时，一种特定的佐剂酵母聚糖可以驱动效应子 CD8 ⁺T 细胞分化为肺 Trm。通过 dectin-1 受体的酵母聚糖信号足以促进抗原非依赖性肺 Trm 发育。当与可注射的流感疫苗接种方案相结合时，鼻内酵母聚糖递送显着增加了流感病毒特异性肺 Trm 群体的大小。我们的结果强调，引发适当的局部炎症环境可以遵循肺部TRM发育中局部抗原识别的要求，并强调适当的辅助选择可以大大改善旨在引起肺部TRM的疫苗。