Particulate materials at nano- and micro-scales have widespread pharmaceutical and medical applications. Understanding the interactions of these materials with biological systems is crucial for the design of clinically-viable biomaterials of high safety profiles. Immunomodulatory effects of particulate materials can be studied via multiplexing techniques that are capable of measuring up to 500 biomarkers in a few microliters of biological samples. However, there are several challenges towards the use of multiplexing techniques for testing the ability of nanomaterials to induce the release of various biomarkers. As one of the potential challenges, the adsorption of biomarkers on surfaces or within internal structures of nano- or micro-particles has been explored to a lesser extent, although it can lead to biased conclusions and data misinterpretation. Herein, we provide technical details on the use of multiplexing techniques for the evaluation of immunomodulatory effects of nanoparticulates. The same principles can also be applied for the assessment of microparticles. Importantly, precautions to avoid artifacts and data misinterpretation, due to interactions between particles and biomarkers, are provided.

中文翻译：

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用于测量颗粒材料免疫调节作用的多重技术：测试微米和纳米颗粒时的注意事项

纳米级和微米级的颗粒材料具有广泛的制药和医疗应用。了解这些材料与生物系统的相互作用对于设计具有高安全性的临床可行生物材料至关重要。可以通过多路复用技术研究颗粒材料的免疫调节作用，该技术能够测量几微升生物样品中多达 500 种生物标志物。然而，使用多路复用技术来测试纳米材料诱导各种生物标志物释放的能力存在一些挑战。作为潜在的挑战之一，生物标志物在纳米或微米颗粒的表面或内部结构内的吸附研究较少，尽管它可能导致有偏见的结论和数据误解。在此，我们提供了有关使用多重技术评估纳米颗粒免疫调节作用的技术细节。相同的原理也可以应用于微粒的评估。重要的是，由于粒子和生物标志物之间的相互作用，提供了避免伪影和数据误解的预防措施。