Abstract The intensive harvest of wild populations for food can pose a risk to food security and to conservation goals. While ecosystem approaches to management offer a potential means to balance those risks, they require a method of assessment that is commensurate across multiple objectives. A major challenge is conducting these assessments in a way that considers the priorities and knowledge of stakeholders. In this study, we co-developed an ecological risk assessment (ERA) for fisheries in California (USA) with scientists, managers, and stakeholders. This ERA was intended to meet the requirements of existing policy mandates in the state of California and provide a systematic, efficient, and transparent approach to prioritize fisheries for additional management actions, including the development of fisheries management plans fully compliant with California laws. We assessed the relative risk posed to target species, bycatch, and habitats from nine state-managed fisheries and found risk to target species was not necessarily similar to risks to bycatch and habitat groups. In addition, no single fishery consistently presented the greatest risk for all bycatch or habitat groups. However, considered in combination, the greatest risk for target species, bycatch groups, and habitats emerged from two commercial fisheries for California halibut. The participatory process used to generate these results offers the potential to increase stakeholders' trust in the assessment and therefore its application in management. We suggest that adopting similar processes in other management contexts and jurisdictions will advance progress toward ecosystem-based fisheries management that simultaneously satisfies fisheries, conservation, and relationship-building objectives.

中文翻译：

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由科学家、管理者和利益相关者共同开发的基于生态系统的加州渔业风险评估

摘要 大量采集野生种群作为食物可能对粮食安全和保护目标构成风险。虽然生态系统管理方法提供了一种平衡这些风险的潜在手段，但它们需要一种与多个目标相称的评估方法。一个主要挑战是以考虑利益相关者的优先事项和知识的方式进行这些评估。在这项研究中，我们与科学家、管理人员和利益相关者共同开发了加利福尼亚州（美国）渔业的生态风险评估 (ERA)。该 ERA 旨在满足加利福尼亚州现有政策要求的要求，并提供一种系统、高效和透明的方法来优先考虑渔业以进行额外的管理行动，包括制定完全符合加州法律的渔业管理计划。我们评估了 9 个国家管理的渔业对目标物种、兼捕和栖息地构成的相对风险，发现目标物种的风险不一定与兼捕和栖息地群体的风险相似。此外，没有一个渔业对所有兼捕或栖息地群体的风险始终最大。然而，综合考虑，目标物种、兼捕群体和栖息地的最大风险来自加利福尼亚大比目鱼的两个商业渔业。用于产生这些结果的参与过程提供了增加利益相关者对评估及其在管理中应用的信任的潜力。