OBJECTIVE Adults with established diagnoses of serious mental illness (bipolar disorder and schizophrenia) exhibit structural brain abnormalities, yet less is known about how such abnormalities manifest earlier in development. METHOD Cross-sectional data publicly available from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC) were analyzed. Structural magnetic resonance neuroimaging data were collected on a subset of the PNC (N = 989; 9-22 years old). Cortical thickness, surface area (SA), and subcortical volumes were calculated. Study participants were assessed for psychiatric symptomatology using a structured interview and the following groups were created: typically developing (n = 376), psychosis spectrum (PS; n = 113), bipolar spectrum (BP; n = 117), and BP + PS (n = 109). Group and developmental differences in structural magnetic resonance neuroimaging measures were examined. In addition, the extent to which any structural aberration was related to neurocognition, global functioning, and clinical symptomatology was examined. RESULTS Compared with other groups, PS youth exhibited significantly decreased SA in the orbitofrontal, cingulate, precentral, and postcentral regions. PS youth also exhibited deceased thalamic volume compared with all other groups. The strongest effects for precentral and posterior cingulate SA decreases were seen during early adolescence (13-15 years old) in PS youth. The strongest effects for decreases in thalamic volume and orbitofrontal and postcentral SA were observed in mid-adolescence (16-18 years) in PS youth. Across groups, better overall functioning was associated with increased lateral orbitofrontal SA. Increased postcentral SA was associated with better executive cognition and less severe negative symptoms in the entire sample. CONCLUSION In a community-based sample, decreased cortical SA and thalamic volume were present early in adolescent development in youth with PS symptoms, but not in youth with BP symptoms or with BP and PS symptoms. These findings point to potential biological distinctions between PS and BP conditions, which could suggest additional biomarkers relevant to early identification.

中文翻译：

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患有精神病和双极谱症状的青年人的结构性大脑改变。

目的确诊为严重精神疾病（双相情感障碍和精神分裂症）的成年人表现出结构性脑部异常，但对这种异常如何在早期发育中了解得很少。方法分析了可从费城神经发育队列（PNC）公开获得的横断面数据。在PNC的一个子集（N = 989； 9-22岁）上收集了结构磁共振神经影像数据。计算皮质厚度，表面积（SA）和皮质下体积。使用结构化访谈对研究参与者的精神症状进行评估，并创建了以下几组：典型发育中（n = 376），精神病谱（PS； n = 113），双极性谱（BP； n = 117）和BP + PS （n = 109）。组和发育差异的结构磁共振神经成像措施进行了检查。此外，检查了任何结构异常与神经认知，整体功能和临床症状相关的程度。结果与其他组相比，PS青年在眶额，扣带状，中央前和中央后区域的SA显着降低。与所有其他组相比，PS青年的丘脑体积也已减少。在PS青年的青春期早期（13-15岁）期间，观察到了中央前扣带回和SA后扣带回SA降低的最强作用。在PS青年的青春期中期（16-18岁），观察到丘脑体积，眶额和中央后SA减少的最强作用。跨群体，总体功能的改善与外侧眼眶额叶SA的增加有关。在整个样本中，中枢后SA的增加与更好的执行认知和较轻的负面症状相关。结论在一个基于社区的样本中，PS症状青年的青春发育早期皮质SA和丘脑容量减少，但有BP症状或BP和PS症状的青年则不存在。这些发现表明PS和BP条件之间可能存在生物学差异，这可能暗示了与早期识别相关的其他生物标记。PS症状青年的青春发育早期皮质SA和丘脑容量降低，但有BP症状或BP和PS症状的青年则不存在。这些发现表明PS和BP条件之间可能存在生物学差异，这可能暗示了与早期识别相关的其他生物标记。PS症状的青年在青春期发展的早期阶段皮质SA和丘脑容量降低，而BP症状或BP和PS症状的青年则不存在。这些发现表明PS和BP条件之间可能存在生物学差异，这可能暗示了与早期识别相关的其他生物标记。