Abstract Human-wildlife conflicts are the object of raising concern in conservation biology. People living in urban areas are rapidly increasing worldwide and consequently the temporal pattern of occupation of natural areas for recreation is changing as well, resulting in an ever-increasing concentration of people during weekends and holidays. This is particularly evident in affluent societies, where more recreationists visit natural areas on holidays and weekends, causing disturbance to wildlife in the so-called “weekend effect”. Here, we tested the response to disturbance of 30 Bonelli's eagles tracked by high-frequency GPS/GSM telemetry. We analysed daily home-range size, a measure of changing behaviour that integrates their vital requirements, throughout the annual cycle, considering three different levels (95%, 75% and 50% kernel density estimators). Our results showed that eagles made a higher ranging effort on weekends and holidays throughout the annual cycle. This was particularly evident during the non-breeding period, when larger home-ranges were observed. Higher ranging effort can lead to conservation problems such as extra energy expenditure, hunting interference, and eventually nest and/or territory abandonment, decreasing eagles' fitness. Measures aimed at reducing human-wildlife conflicts including spatio-temporal limitation of leisure activities particularly during the most critical periods (i.e., incubation, chick rearing) are urgently needed. Finally, where possible, high quality information of animal movement should be incorporated into conservation plans in order to delineate efficient spatially-explicit management measures.

中文翻译：

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假期？不适合所有人。由于人为干扰，老鹰在假期有更大的活动范围

摘要 人与野生动物的冲突是保护生物学关注的对象。居住在城市地区的人口在全球范围内迅速增加，因此休闲娱乐自然区域的时间模式也在发生变化，导致人们在周末和节假日越来越集中。这在富裕社会尤为明显，更多的休闲爱好者在假期和周末访问自然区域，在所谓的“周末效应”中对野生动物造成干扰。在这里，我们测试了高频 GPS/GSM 遥测跟踪的 30 只博内利鹰对干扰的响应。我们分析了在整个年度周期中，考虑三个不同水平（95%、75% 和 50% 核密度估计器）。我们的结果表明，在整个年度周期中，老鹰在周末和假期做出了更高的测距努力。这在非繁殖期尤其明显，当时观察到较大的家庭范围。更高的测距努力会导致保护问题，例如额外的能量消耗、狩猎干扰，并最终放弃巢穴和/或领土，降低鹰的健康度。迫切需要旨在减少人类与野生动物冲突的措施，包括休闲活动的时空限制，特别是在最关键时期（即孵化、雏鸡饲养）。最后，在可能的情况下，应将动物活动的高质量信息纳入保护计划，以制定有效的空间明确管理措施。我们的结果表明，在整个年度周期中，老鹰在周末和假期做出了更高的测距努力。这在非繁殖期尤其明显，当时观察到较大的家庭范围。更高的测距努力会导致保护问题，例如额外的能量消耗、狩猎干扰，并最终放弃巢穴和/或领土，降低鹰的健康度。迫切需要旨在减少人类与野生动物冲突的措施，包括休闲活动的时空限制，特别是在最关键时期（即孵化、雏鸡饲养）。最后，在可能的情况下，应将动物活动的高质量信息纳入保护计划，以制定有效的空间明确管理措施。我们的结果表明，在整个年度周期中，老鹰在周末和假期做出了更高的测距努力。这在非繁殖期尤其明显，当时观察到较大的家庭范围。更高的测距努力会导致保护问题，例如额外的能量消耗、狩猎干扰，并最终放弃巢穴和/或领土，降低鹰的健康度。迫切需要旨在减少人类与野生动物冲突的措施，包括休闲活动的时空限制，特别是在最关键时期（即孵化、雏鸡饲养）。最后，在可能的情况下，应将动物活动的高质量信息纳入保护计划，以制定有效的空间明确管理措施。