The microbiome modulates host immune function across the gastrointestinal tract, peripheral lymphoid organs, and central nervous system. In this review, we highlight emerging evidence that microbial effects on select immune phenotypes arise developmentally, where the maternal and neonatal microbiome influence immune cell ontogeny in the offspring during gestation and early postnatal life. We further discuss roles for the perinatal microbiome and early-life immunity in regulating normal neurodevelopmental processes. In addition, we examine evidence that abnormalities in microbiota-neuroimmune interactions during early life are associated with altered risk of neurological disorders in humans. Finally, we conclude by evaluating the potential implications of microbiota-immune interventions for neurological conditions. Continued progress toward dissecting mechanistic interactions between the perinatal microbiota, immune system, and nervous system might uncover fundamental insights into how developmental interactions across physiological systems inform later-life health and disease.

中文翻译：

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微生物组、免疫力和神经发育之间的围产期相互作用。

微生物组通过胃肠道、外周淋巴器官和中枢神经系统调节宿主免疫功能。在这篇综述中，我们强调了新出现的证据，表明微生物对特定免疫表型的影响是在发育过程中产生的，其中母体和新生儿微生物组在妊娠期和产后早期影响后代的免疫细胞个体发育。我们进一步讨论了围产期微生物组和生命早期免疫在调节正常神经发育过程中的作用。此外，我们检查了生命早期微生物群-神经免疫相互作用异常与人类神经系统疾病风险改变相关的证据。最后，我们通过评估微生物群免疫干预对神经系统疾病的潜在影响得出结论。