Tinnitus is a highly prevalent condition that is associated with hearing loss in most cases. In the absence of external stimuli, phantom perceptions of sounds emerge from alterations in neuronal activity within central auditory and nonauditory structures. Pioneering studies using lidocaine revealed that tinnitus is susceptible to pharmacological interventions. However, lidocaine is not effective in all patients, and no other drug has been identified with clear efficacy for the long-term treatment of tinnitus. In this review, we present recent advances in tinnitus research, including more detailed knowledge of its pathophysiology and involved neurotransmitter systems. Moreover, we summarize results from animal and clinical treatment studies as well as from studies that identified tinnitus as a side effect of pharmacological treatments. Finally, we focus on challenges in the development of pharmacological compounds for the treatment of tinnitus, namely the limitations of available animal models and of standardized clinical research methodologies.

中文翻译：

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耳鸣的治疗方法。

耳鸣是一种高度流行的疾病，在大多数情况下与听力损失有关。在没有外部刺激的情况下，声音的幻影感知是由中央听觉和非听觉结构内神经元活动的变化引起的。使用利多卡因的开拓性研究表明，耳鸣易受药理学干预。然而，利多卡因并非对所有患者都有效，并且没有其他药物被明确用于耳鸣的长期治疗。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了耳鸣研究的最新进展，包括对其病理生理学和涉及的神经递质系统的更详细的了解。此外，我们总结了动物和临床治疗研究以及将耳鸣确定为药物治疗副作用的研究得出的结果。最后，