Three-dimensional macrostructures (3DMs) of graphene and graphene oxide are being developed for fast and efficient removal of contaminants from water and air. The large specific surface area, versatile surface chemistry and exceptional mechanical properties of graphene-based nanosheets enable the formation of robust and high-performance 3DMs such as sponges, membranes, beads and fibres. However, little is known about the relationship between the materials properties of graphene-based 3DMs and their environmental performance. In this Review, we summarize the self-assembly and environmental applications of graphene-based 3DMs in removing contaminants from water and air. We also develop the critical link between the materials properties of 3DMs and their environmental performance, and identify the key parameters that influence their capacities for contaminant removal.

正在开发石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的三维宏观结构（3DM），以快速有效地去除水和空气中的污染物。石墨烯基纳米片的大比表面积，通用的表面化学性质和出色的机械性能，使得能够形成坚固，高性能的3DM，例如海绵，膜，珠和纤维。然而，关于基于石墨烯的3DM的材料特性与其环境性能之间的关系知之甚少。在这篇综述中，我们总结了基于石墨烯的3DM在去除水和空气中的污染物方面的自组装和环境应用。我们还开发了3DM的材料特性与其环保性能之间的关键联系，