Abstract Worldwide, bees have an important role in ecosystem function and the provision of ecosystem services through their role as pollinators. The diversity of bee species in rural landscapes is influenced by the type of landscape features present, and by land-use and management practices. A key challenge is to understand and predict how species vary across the landscape; and the role of functional traits in determining compositional patterns. We systematically sampled wild bees in four types of landscape feature – open farmland, scattered farmland trees, roadside vegetation and streamside vegetation – in rural landscapes in southern Australia. Landscapes were selected to represent wooded or non-wooded combinations of these site types (e.g. roadside vegetation with or without trees), embedded in farmland with different land-uses (e.g. cropping, grazing). The species richness and abundance of bees was greater at sites containing little or no tree cover; and the cumulative richness of species was greater for tree-less sites than for those with trees. In contrast, species evenness was greatest in wooded site types, indicating these were less dominated by abundant generalist species. Open farmland and treeless roadsides had greater functional diversity (based on species traits) than wooded site types. Strong species trait associations were more numerous with open parts of the landscape, reflecting the greater functional diversity of open site types. These results suggest that a suite of the extant bee fauna can exploit large-scale transformation from former extensively wooded ecosystems to open agricultural landscapes. However, not all species are able to exploit modified landscapes and may disappear with further loss of wooded vegetation. Trait-based approaches provide insight into how changes in landscape pattern affect the bee fauna. Failure to adequately cater for multiple functional groups of bees across all landscape features could mean a substantial loss in species that rely on more natural cover, thus affecting ecosystem function.

中文翻译：

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野生蜜蜂对树木覆盖和农村土地利用的反应是由物种特征介导的

摘要 在世界范围内，蜜蜂作为传粉媒介在生态系统功能和生态系统服务提供方面发挥着重要作用。农村景观中蜜蜂物种的多样性受到现有景观特征类型以及土地利用和管理实践的影响。一个关键的挑战是了解和预测物种在整个景观中的变化情况；以及功能特征在决定成分模式中的作用。我们在澳大利亚南部的乡村景观中系统地采集了四种景观特征中的野生蜜蜂——开阔的农田、散落的农田树木、路边植被和溪边植被。选择景观来代表这些场地类型（例如有或没有树木的路边植被）的树木繁茂或非树木繁茂的组合，嵌入具有不同土地用途（例如种植、放牧）。在几乎没有或没有树木覆盖的地方，蜜蜂的物种丰富度和丰度更大；没有树木的地点的物种累积丰富度高于有树木的地点。相比之下，树木繁茂的地点类型的物种均匀度最大，表明这些物种较少受到丰富的通才物种的支配。开放的农田和无树的路边比林地类型具有更大的功能多样性（基于物种特征）。强烈的物种特征关联与景观的开放部分更多，反映了开放地点类型更大的功能多样性。这些结果表明，一组现存的蜜蜂动物群可以利用从以前的广泛林木生态系统到开放农业景观的大规模转变。然而，并非所有物种都能够利用经过改造的景观，并且可能会随着树木繁茂的植被进一步丧失而消失。基于特征的方法可以深入了解景观模式的变化如何影响蜜蜂动物群。如果不能在所有景观特征中充分满足蜜蜂的多种功能群，可能意味着依赖更多自然覆盖的物种的大量损失，从而影响生态系统功能。