Substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with impairments of cognitive functions, and cognitive training programs are thus rapidly developing in SUD treatment. However, neuropsychological impairments observed early after withdrawal (i.e., early impairments), that is, approximately in the first six months, may be widespread. Consequently, it might not be possible to train all the identified early impairments. In these situations, we propose that the priority of cognitive training should be given to the early impairments found to be associated with early dropout or relapse (i.e., relapse-related impairments). However, substance-specific relapse-related impairments have not been singled out among all early impairments so far. Using a systematic literature search, we identified the types of established early impairments for all SUDs, and we assessed the extent to which these early impairments were found to be associated with relapse-related impairments. All cognitive functions were investigated according to a classification based on current neuropsychological models, distinguishing classical cognitive, substance-bias, and social cognition systems. According to the current evidence, demonstrated relapse-related impairments in alcohol use disorder comprised impulsivity, long-term memory, and higher-order executive functions. For cannabis use disorder, the identified relapse-related impairments were impulsivity and working memory. For stimulant use disorder, the identified relapse-related impairments were attentional abilities and higher-order executive functions. For opioid use disorder, the only identified relapse-related impairments were higher executive functions. However, many early impairments were not explored with respect to dropout/relapse, particularly for stimulant and opioid use disorders. The current literature reveals substance-specific relapse-related impairments, which supports a pragmatic patient-tailored approach for defining which early impairments should be prioritized in terms of training among patients with SUDs.

中文翻译：

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在成瘾环境中开发早期神经心理学训练计划的基于患者定制的循证方法。

物质使用障碍（SUD）与认知功能受损有关，因此在SUD治疗中认知训练计划正在迅速发展。但是，停药后提早（即大约在头六个月）观察到的神经心理学障碍可能很普遍。因此，可能无法训练所有已识别的早期损伤。在这些情况下，我们建议应将认知训练的优先级放在与早期辍学或复发相关的早期障碍（即与复发相关的障碍）上。但是，到目前为止，尚未在所有早期损害中单独指出与物质相关的与复发相关的损害。通过系统的文献搜索，我们确定了所有SUD的既定早期损伤的类型，我们评估了这些早期损伤与复发相关损伤相关的程度。根据当前神经心理学模型的分类，对所有认知功能进行了调查，以区分经典认知，物质偏见和社会认知系统。根据目前的证据，已证明与酒精使用障碍有关的与复发相关的损害包括冲动性，长期记忆和高阶执行功能。对于大麻使用障碍，确定的与复发相关的障碍为冲动性和工作记忆。对于兴奋剂使用障碍，识别出的与复发相关的障碍为注意能力和高级执行功能。对于阿片类药物使用障碍，唯一确定的与复发相关的障碍是较高的执行功能。然而，关于辍学/复发，尚未探讨许多早期损伤，特别是对于兴奋剂和阿片类药物使用障碍。当前文献揭示了特定于物质的与复发相关的损伤，这支持了一种务实的患者量身定制的方法，该方法可定义在SUD患者中应优先考虑哪些早期损伤。