Investigations on developmental and regenerative myogenesis have led to major advances in decrypting stem cell properties and potential, as well as their interactions within the evolving niche. As a consequence, regenerative myogenesis has provided a forum to investigate intrinsic regulators of stem cell properties as well as extrinsic factors, including stromal cells, during normal growth and following injury and disease. Here we review some of the latest advances in the field that have exposed fundamental processes including regulation of stress following trauma and ageing, senescence, DNA damage control and modes of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. Recent studies have begun to explore the nature of the niche that is distinct in different muscle groups, and that is altered from prenatal to postnatal stages, and during ageing. We also discuss heterogeneities among muscle stem cells and how distinct properties within the quiescent and proliferating cell states might impact on homoeostasis and regeneration. Interestingly, cellular quiescence, which was thought to be a passive cell state, is regulated by multiple mechanisms, many of which are deregulated in various contexts including ageing. These and other factors including metabolic activity and genetic background can impact on the efficiency of muscle regeneration.

对发育和再生肌发生的研究在解密干细胞特性和潜力以及它们在进化生态位中的相互作用方面取得了重大进展。因此，再生肌生成为研究正常生长期间以及损伤和疾病后干细胞特性的内在调节因子以及包括基质细胞在内的外在因素提供了一个论坛。在这里，我们回顾了该领域的一些最新进展，这些进展揭示了基本过程，包括创伤和衰老后的应激调节、衰老、DNA 损伤控制以及对称和不对称细胞分裂模式。最近的研究已经开始探索不同肌肉群中不同的生态位的性质，以及从产前到产后阶段以及衰老过程中发生的变化。我们还讨论了肌肉干细胞之间的异质性，以及静止和增殖细胞状态下的不同特性如何影响稳态和再生。有趣的是，细胞静止被认为是一种被动的细胞状态，它受到多种机制的调节，其中许多机制在包括衰老在内的各种情况下会失调。这些因素和其他因素（包括代谢活动和遗传背景）都会影响肌肉再生的效率。