OBJECTIVE To compare the longitudinal course of family functioning in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (BD), offspring of parents with non-BD psychopathology, and offspring of healthy control (HC) parents. METHOD Offspring of parents with BD (256 parents and 481 offspring), parents without BD (82 parents and 162 offspring), and HC parents (88 parents and 175 offspring) 7 to 18 years of age at intake, from the Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS), were followed for an average of 4.3 years. Family functioning was evaluated using the child- and parent-reported Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale-II and the Conflict Behavior Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using multivariate multilevel regression, generalized linear estimating equation models, and path analysis. RESULTS Families of parents with BD and parents with non-BD psychopathology showed lower cohesion and adaptability and higher conflict compared with HC families. There were no significant differences in cohesion and adaptability between families of parents with psychopathology. The effect of parental psychopathology on family functioning was mediated by parental psychosocial functioning and, to a lesser extent, offspring disorders. In all 3 groups, parent-reported family conflict was significantly higher than child-reported conflict. Across groups, family cohesion decreased over follow-up, whereas conflict increased. CONCLUSION Any parental psychopathology predicted family impairment. These results were influenced by the offspring's age and were mediated by parental psychosocial functioning and, to a lesser degree, by offspring psychopathology. These findings emphasize the need to routinely assess family functioning in addition to psychopathology and provide appropriate interventions to parents and offspring.

中文翻译：

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对双相情感障碍父母的后代家庭功能进行的纵向研究。

目的比较患有双相情感障碍（BD）的父母的后代，患有非BD精神病理学的父母的后代和健康对照（HC）父母的后代的家庭功能的纵向过程。方法根据双相后代研究（Bipolar Offspring Study），在摄入时年龄为7至18岁的有BD的父母（256个父母和481个子孙），没有BD的父母（82个父母和162个子孙）和HC父母（88个父母和175个子孙）的后代。 （BIOS），平均追踪时间为4.3年。使用儿童和父母报告的家庭适应性和凝聚力量表II和冲突行为问卷对家庭功能进行了评估。使用多变量多级回归，广义线性估计方程模型和路径分析对数据进行了分析。结果与HC家庭相比，BD父母和非BD精神病理学父母的家庭表现出较低的凝聚力和适应性以及较高的冲突。有精神病理学父母的家庭之间在凝聚力和适应性上没有显着差异。父母的心理病理学对家庭功能的影响是由父母的心理社会功能和（在较小程度上）后代疾病介导的。在所有三个组中，父母报告的家庭冲突明显高于儿童报告的冲突。在后续活动中，各组之间的家庭凝聚力有所下降，而冲突却有所增加。结论任何父母的心理病理学都可以预测家庭损害。这些结果受后代年龄的影响，并受父母心理社会功能的影响，在较小程度上，通过后代心理病理学。这些发现强调了除了精神病理学之外还需要常规评估家庭功能，并为父母和后代提供适当的干预措施。