Zwitterionic polymers, including polyampholytes and polybetaines, are polymers with both positive and negative charges incorporated into their structure. They are a unique class of smart materials with great potential in a broad range of applications in nanotechnology, biomaterials science, nanomedicine and healthcare, as additives for bulk construction materials and crude oil, and in water remediation. In this Tutorial Review, we aim to highlight their structural diversity and design criteria, and their preparation using modern techniques. Their behavior, both in solution and at surfaces, will be examined under a range of environmental conditions. Finally, we will exemplify how their unique behaviors give rise to specific properties tailored to a selection of their numerous applications.

中文翻译：

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两性离子聚合物行为及其在溶液和表面中的应用的简介†

两性离子聚合物，包括多两性电解质和聚甜菜碱，是在其结构中结合了正电荷和负电荷的聚合物。它们是一类独特的智能材料，在纳米技术，生物材料科学，纳米医学和医疗保健，作为散装建筑材料和原油的添加剂以及水修复中的广泛应用中具有巨大潜力。在本教程审查中，我们旨在强调它们的结构多样性和设计标准，以及使用现代技术进行的准备。它们在溶液和表面的行为都将在一系列环境条件下进行检查。最后，我们将举例说明它们的独特行为如何产生针对其众多应用程序的选择量身定制的特定属性。