The complexity of maize domestication Maize originated in what is now central Mexico about 9000 years ago and spread throughout the Americas before European contact. Kistler et al. applied genomic analysis to ancient and extant South American maize lineages to investigate the genetic changes that accompanied domestication (see the Perspective by Zeder). The origin of modern maize cultivars likely involved a “semidomesticated” lineage that moved out of Mexico. Later improvements then occurred among multiple South American populations, including those in southwestern Amazonia. Science, this issue p. 1309; see also p. 1246 A complex history of maize domestication arose from a secondary improvement center in the southwest Amazon. Domesticated maize evolved from wild teosinte under human influences in Mexico beginning around 9000 years before the present (yr B.P.), traversed Central America by ~7500 yr B.P., and spread into South America by ~6500 yr B.P. Landrace and archaeological maize genomes from South America suggest that the ancestral population to South American maize was brought out of the domestication center in Mexico and became isolated from the wild teosinte gene pool before traits of domesticated maize were fixed. Deeply structured lineages then evolved within South America out of this partially domesticated progenitor population. Genomic, linguistic, archaeological, and paleoecological data suggest that the southwestern Amazon was a secondary improvement center for partially domesticated maize. Multiple waves of human-mediated dispersal are responsible for the diversity and biogeography of modern South American maize.

中文翻译：

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多代理证据突出了南美洲玉米的复杂进化遗产

玉米驯化的复杂性 大约 9000 年前，玉米起源于现在的墨西哥中部，并在欧洲人接触之前传播到整个美洲。奇斯特勒等人。将基因组分析应用于古代和现存的南美玉米谱系，以研究伴随驯化的遗传变化（参见 Zeder 的观点）。现代玉米品种的起源可能涉及从墨西哥迁出的“半驯化”谱系。后来在多个南美洲人群中出现了改善，包括亚马逊西南部的人群。科学，这个问题 p。1309; 另见第。1246 玉米驯化的复杂历史起源于亚马逊西南部的一个二级改良中心。驯化的玉米在墨西哥在人类影响下从大约 9000 年前（距今 BP）开始从野生 teosinte 进化而来，穿越中美洲约 7500 年 BP，并由约 6500 年 BP 传播到南美洲 来自南美洲的长白玉米和考古玉米基因组表明南美玉米的祖先种群被带出墨西哥的驯化中心，并在驯化玉米的性状确定之前从野生 teosinte 基因库中分离出来。然后在南美洲从这个部分驯化的祖先种群中进化出深度结构化的谱系。基因组学、语言学、考古学和古生态学数据表明，亚马逊西南部是部分驯化玉米的二次改良中心。