OBJECTIVE Decreased activation to print in the left ventral, dorsal, and anterior pathways has been implicated in readers with dyslexia (DRs) but also is characteristic for typical beginning readers. Because most studies have compared DRs with their age-matched peers, the observed results could represent a dyslexia phenotype or a developmental delay. This study aimed to disentangle reading and dyslexia effects using 2 control groups matched for age and skill and a longitudinal design. METHOD Brain response for print was compared in DRs and typical readers (TRs) who, at the beginning of schooling (time point 1 [TP]; 6-7 years old), read on average 3 words per minute, as did DRs at TP1, but improved their reading to an average level, and advanced readers (ARs) who at TP1 read as well as DRs 2 years later (TP3; 8-9 years old). The TR and DR groups were tracked longitudinally to observe neurodevelopmental changes. RESULTS At TP1, DRs did not differ from TRs. Over time, only TRs developed a neural circuit for reading in the left inferior frontal and fusiform gyri. At TP3, DRs exhibited hypo-activation in these areas compared with age-matched (TRs at TP3) and reading-matched (ARs at TP1) controls. At TP3, TRs showed hypo-activation in the left frontal and bilateral ventral occipital regions compared with ARs, but these effects were nonoverlapping with DR hypo-activations and are partly explained by IQ. CONCLUSION Decreased activation of the left fusiform and inferior frontal gyri to print in DRs results from an atypical developmental trajectory of reading and cannot be explained solely by lower reading skills.

中文翻译：

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儿童阅读习得：发展过程和阅读障碍的特定影响。

目的患有阅读障碍（DR）的阅读器可能与左腹，背侧和前路的印刷激活减少有关，但对于典型的初次阅读者来说也是特征。因为大多数研究已将DR与年龄匹配的同龄人进行了比较，所以观察到的结果可能代表阅读障碍表型或发育迟缓。这项研究旨在使用年龄和技能相匹配的两个对照组和纵向设计来消除阅读和阅读障碍的影响。方法比较DR和普通读者（TR）在打印时的大脑反应，他们在上学开始（时间点1 [TP]； 6-7岁）时平均每分钟读3个单词，与TP1的DR一样，但将他们的阅读水平提高到了平均水平，并且TP1的高级读者（AR）和2年后（TP3； 8-9岁）的DR的阅读能力有所提高。纵向追踪TR和DR组以观察神经发育变化。结果在TP1，DR与TR没有区别。随着时间的流逝，只有TRs开发出了一个神经回路，用于读取左下额叶和梭状回。在TP3，与年龄匹配的（TP3的TRs）和阅读匹配的（TP1的ARs）相比，DR在这些区域表现出低激活。在TP3，TRs与ARs相比在左额叶和双侧腹枕区显示出低激活，但这些作用与DR的低激活不重叠，部分由IQ解释。结论DR的左梭形和前额下回的激活减少是由于阅读的非典型发展轨迹造成的，不能仅由较低的阅读能力来解释。