Hydrogen is recognized as a key source of the sustainable energy solutions. The transportation sector is known as one of the largest fuel consumers of the global energy market. Hydrogen can become a promising fuel for sustainable transportation by providing clean, reliable, safe, convenient, customer friendly, and affordable energy. In this study, the possibility of hydrogen as the major fuel for transportation systems is investigated comprehensively based on the recent data published in the literature. Due to its several characteristic advantages, such as energy density, abundance, ease of transportation, a wide variety of production methods from clean and renewable fuels with zero or minimal emissions; hydrogen appears to be a great chemical fuel which can potentially replace fossil fuel use in internal combustion engines. In order to take advantage of hydrogen as an internal combustion engine fuel, existing engines should be redesigned to avoid abnormal combustion. Hydrogen use in internal combustion engines could enhance system efficiencies, offer higher power outputs per vehicle, and emit lower amounts of greenhouse gases. Even though hydrogen-powered fuel cells have lower emissions than internal combustion engines, they require additional space and weight and they are generally more expensive. Therefore, the scope of this study is hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines. It is also highlighted that in order to become a truly sustainable and clean fuel, hydrogen should be produced from renewable energy and material resources with zero or minimal emissions at high efficiencies. In addition, in this study, conventional, hybrid, electric, biofuel, fuel cell, and hydrogen fueled ICE vehicles are comparatively assessed based on their CO₂ and SO₂ emissions, social cost of carbon, energy and exergy efficiencies, fuel consumption, fuel price, and driving range. The results show that when all of these criteria are taken into account, fuel cell vehicles have the highest average performance ranking (4.97/10), followed by hydrogen fueled ICEs (4.81/10) and biofuel vehicles (4.71/10). On the other hand, conventional vehicles have the lowest average performance ranking (1.21/10), followed by electric vehicles (4.24/10) and hybrid vehicles (4.53/10).

氢被公认为是可持续能源解决方案的关键来源。交通运输业是全球能源市场上最大的燃料消耗者之一。氢气通过提供清洁，可靠，安全，方便，客户友好和负担得起的能源，可以成为可持续运输的有前途的燃料。在这项研究中，根据文献中发表的最新数据，对氢作为运输系统主要燃料的可能性进行了全面研究。由于具有多种特性优势，例如能量密度高，储量大，运输方便，采用零排放或最低排放的清洁和可再生燃料的多种生产方法；氢似乎是一种重要的化学燃料，可以潜在地替代内燃机中使用的化石燃料。为了利用氢作为内燃机燃料，应对现有发动机进行重新设计，以避免异常燃烧。内燃发动机中使用氢气可以提高系统效率，每辆车提供更高的功率输出，并减少温室气体的排放。尽管氢动力燃料电池的排放量低于内燃机，但它们需要更多的空间和重量，而且通常更昂贵。因此，这项研究的范围是氢燃料内燃机。还强调指出，为了成为真正的可持续和清洁燃料，应使用可再生能源和材料资源以零排放或极少排放的高效率生产氢气。此外，在这项研究中，常规，混合动力，电动，生物燃料，燃料电池，₂和SO ₂排放，碳的社会成本，能源和火用效率，燃料消耗，燃料价格和行驶里程。结果表明，将所有这些标准都考虑在内，燃料电池汽车的平均性能排名最高（4.97 / 10），其次是氢燃料内燃机（4.81 / 10）和生物燃料汽车（4.71 / 10）。另一方面，传统汽车的平均性能排名最低（1.21 / 10），其次是电动汽车（4.24 / 10）和混合动力汽车（4.53 / 10）。