Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain and perform several essential functions in supporting neuronal metabolism and actively participating in neural circuit and behavioral function. They also have essential roles as innate immune cells in responding to local neuropathology, and the manner in which they respond to brain injury and degeneration is the subject of increasing attention in neuroscience. Although activated astrocytes have long been thought of as a relatively homogenous population, which alter their phenotype in a relatively stereotyped way upon central nervous system injury, the last decade has revealed substantial heterogeneity in the basal state and significant heterogeneity of phenotype during reactive astrocytosis. Thus, phenotypic diversity occurs at two distinct levels: that determined by regionality and development and that determined by temporally dynamic changes to the environment of astrocytes during pathology. These inflammatory and pathological states shape the phenotype of these cells, with different consequences for destruction or recovery of the local tissue, and thus elucidating these phenotypic changes has significant therapeutic implications. In this review, we will focus on the phenotypic heterogeneity of astrocytes in health and disease and their propensity to change that phenotype upon subsequent stimuli.

中文翻译：

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星形胶质细胞：神经变性和先天免疫中的异质和动态表型。

星形胶质细胞是大脑中数量最多的细胞类型，在支持神经元新陈代谢并积极参与神经回路和行为功能方面执行若干基本功能。它们还作为先天免疫细胞在响应局部神经病理学方面起着至关重要的作用，而它们对脑损伤和变性的响应方式也是神经科学日益关注的主题。尽管长期以来人们一直认为活化的星形胶质细胞是相对同质的种群，它们在中枢神经系统损伤后以相对定型的方式改变其表型，但最近十年显示出基本的基本异质性和反应性星形细胞增多过程中表型的显着异质性。因此，表型多样性发生在两个不同的水平：它是由区域和发展决定的，是由病理过程中星形胶质细胞环境的时间动态变化决定的。这些炎性和病理状态塑造了这些细胞的表型，对局部组织的破坏或恢复具有不同的后果，因此阐明这些表型变化具有重要的治疗意义。在这篇综述中，我们将重点研究星形胶质细胞在健康和疾病中的表型异质性，以及它们在随后的刺激下改变该表型的倾向。因此阐明这些表型变化具有重要的治疗意义。在这篇综述中，我们将重点研究星形胶质细胞在健康和疾病中的表型异质性，以及它们在随后的刺激下改变该表型的倾向。因此阐明这些表型变化具有重要的治疗意义。在这篇综述中，我们将重点研究星形胶质细胞在健康和疾病中的表型异质性，以及它们在随后的刺激下改变该表型的倾向。