In virtually every industrialized nation, there are limits on socioeconomic mobility (Chetty, Grusky, et al., 2017; Corak, 2006). Children born to poorer, less educated parents with less prestigious jobs are likely to remain at a lower socioeconomic status (SES)¹ as adults, relative to children born to wealthier, more educated, more prestigiously employed parents. A comparative analysis of the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark found that, in all countries, children born into the highest income quintile were more than twice as likely as children born into the lowest quintile to end up in that highest quintile (Jäntti et al., 2006), although the discrepancy is largest in the United States. According to estimates drawn from the 1980–1982 birth cohort (roughly 40 million people), an American child born into a family in the lowest income quintile is half as likely as one born into a family in the highest quintile to grow up to be middle class or higher (i.e., to earn an income in any of the top three quintiles). Instead, that child is more than 3 times more likely than the wealthy one to grow up to be poor (i.e., to earn an income in the bottom quintile; Chetty, Hendren, Kline, & Saez, 2014).

中文翻译：

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社会地位恶性循环的动机说明：以美国为例的综合框架

在几乎每个工业化国家中，社会经济流动性都受到限制（Chetty，Grusky等人，2017； Corak，2006）。较贫穷，受教育程度较低的父母所生的儿童，享有较少的享有盛誉的工作，可能仍处于较低的社会经济地位（SES）¹作为成年人，相对于较富裕，受过良好教育，享有较高声誉的父母所生子女而言。对美国，英国，瑞典，挪威，芬兰和丹麦的比较分析发现，在所有国家中，收入最高的五分之一人口出生的孩子最终收入的可能性是收入最低的五分之一人口的两倍以上。在最高的五分之一人口中（Jäntti等，2006），尽管差异在美国最大。根据1980年至1982年出生人群（约4000万人）的估计，出生在收入最低的五分之一家庭中的美国孩子长到中等收入的家庭的可能性是出生在收入最高的五分之一家庭中的孩子的一半。等级或更高级别（即，赚取前五分之三的收入）。反而，