The structure and growth of water films on surfaces is reviewed, starting from single molecules to two-dimensional wetting layers, and liquid interfaces. This progression follows the increase in temperature and vapor pressure from a few degrees Kelvin in ultra-high vacuum, where Scanning Tunneling and Atomic Force Microscopies (STM and AFM) provide crystallographic information at the molecular level, to ambient conditions where surface sensitive spectroscopic techniques provide electronic structure information. We show how single molecules bind to metal and non-metal surfaces, their diffusion and aggregation. We examine how water molecules can be manipulated by the STM tip via excitation of vibrational and electronic modes, which trigger molecular diffusion and dissociation. We review also the adsorption and structure of water on non-metal substrates including mica, alkali halides, and others under ambient humid conditions. We finally discuss recent progress in the exploration of the molecular level structure of solid-liquid interfaces, which impact our fundamental understanding of corrosion and electrochemical processes.

从单分子到二维润湿层以及液体界面，对水膜在表面上的结构和生长进行了综述。这种进展是随着温度和蒸气压从超高真空中的开氏温度升高到几度的，在此温度下，扫描隧道和原子力显微镜（STM和AFM）在分子水平上提供了晶体学信息，在环境条件下表面敏感的光谱技术提供了这种条件。电子结构信息。我们展示了单分子如何与金属和非金属表面结合，它们的扩散和聚集。我们研究了如何通过激发振动和电子模式来激发分子扩散和解离的STM尖端来操纵水分子。我们还回顾了环境湿度条件下水在非金属基质（包括云母，碱金属卤化物和其他物质）上的吸附和结构。最后，我们讨论了固液界面分子水平结构探索中的最新进展，这影响了我们对腐蚀和电化学过程的基本理解。