Among mixotrophic dinoflagellates, the maximum mixotrophic growth rate of the red-tide dinoflagellate Paragymnodinium shiwhaense is relatively high, whereas mortality due to predation is low. To investigate the effects of major environmental parameters on P. shiwhaense, growth and ingestion rates of one strain of P. shiwhaense on the algal prey species Amphidinium carterae (also a dinoflagellate) were determined under various light intensities (0–500 μE m⁻²s^-1), water temperatures (5–30 °C), and salinities (5–40). Cells of P. shiwhaense did not grow well in darkness but grew well at light intensities ≥ 10 μE m⁻²s^-1. There were no significant differences in either growth or ingestion rates of P. shiwhaense fed A. carterae at light intensities between 10 and 500 μE m⁻²s^-1. Furthermore, P. shiwhaense did not grow at 5 °C or ≥ 28 °C. Its growth rates between 7 and 26 °C were significantly affected by temperature, and the optimal temperature for maximal growth was 25 °C. With increasing salinity from 5 to 20, the growth rate of P. shiwhaense fed A. carterae increased and became saturated at salinities between 20 and 40, while the ingestion rate at salinities between 10 and 40 did not significantly change. Thus, overall, the growth and ingestion rates of P. shiwhaense fed A. carterae were affected by temperature and salinity, but not by light intensity other than darkness. These findings provide a beginning basis for understanding the ecology of this potentially harmful algal species in marine coastal ecosystems.

在混合营养的鞭毛藻中，赤潮双鞭毛藻副鞭毛的最大混合营养增长率较高，而捕食引起的死亡率较低。为了研究对重大环境参数的影响P. shiwhaense的一种菌株，生长和摄食率P. shiwhaense上藻类猎物前沟carterae（也甲藻）的不同光照条件下确定（0-500μE米^-2 s ^-1），水温（5–30°C）和盐度（5–40）。shiwhaense的细胞在黑暗中生长不佳，但在≥10μEm ^-2 s ^-1的光强度下生长良好。在10至500μEm ^-2 s ^-1的光照强度下，Shiwhaense饲喂的拟南芥的生长或摄食率均无显着差异。此外，shiwhaense菌在5°C或≥28°C时不生长。其温度在7至26°C之间的生长速率受温度的显着影响，最大生长的最佳温度为25°C。随着盐度从5增加到20，咸水曲霉饲喂的拟南芥的生长速率在20至40的盐度下增加并达到饱和，而在10至40的盐度下的摄食率没有显着变化。因此，总体而言，P. shiwhaense饲喂的A. Carterae受温度和盐度的影响，但不受黑暗以外的光强度的影响。这些发现为了解海洋沿海生态系统中这种潜在有害藻类物种的生态学提供了基础。