Radioisotopes have been used as an adjunct during surgery for the past few decades and have been especially useful in operations for breast cancer¹ and melanoma.² Technetium 99m–labeled sulfur colloid is injected intradermally and accumulates in the first regional lymph node draining that area, which is detected using a handheld gamma counter. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has proven valuable for staging patients, determining the need for adjuvant therapy, and, previously, selecting patients for lymphadenectomy. Radiopharmaceuticals given intravenously may also accumulate within tumors and aid in their localization. Fluorodeoxyglucose is taken up in rapidly metabolizing cells, and technetium 99 sestamibi is retained in mitochondria and has shown utility in radioguided surgery (RGS) for hyperparathyroidism.³ Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) commonly express high levels of the somatostatin type 2 receptor, which has also been used as a target for radiopharmaceuticals.

放射性同位素在过去的几十年中一直作为外科手术的辅助手段，在乳腺癌¹和黑色素瘤的手术中尤其有用。^2个net 99m标记的硫胶体被皮内注射，并积聚在排泄该区域的第一个区域淋巴结中，这可通过手持式伽玛计数器进行检测。前哨淋巴结活检已被证明对患者分期，确定辅助治疗的必要性以及以前选择患者进行淋巴结清扫术的价值。静脉内给予的放射性药物也可能在肿瘤内蓄积并有助于其定位。氟代氧葡萄糖被吸收在快速代谢的细胞中，tech 99 sestamibi被保留在线粒体中，并已显示出在放射引导手术（RGS）中用于甲状旁腺功能亢进的实用性。³神经内分泌肿瘤（NET）通常表达高水平的生长抑素2型受体，该受体也已被用作放射性药物的靶标。