Debris disks are tenuous, dust-dominated disks commonly observed around stars over a wide range of ages. Those around main sequence stars are analogous to the Solar System's Kuiper Belt and Zodiacal light. The dust in debris disks is believed to be continuously regenerated, originating primarily with collisions of planetesimals. Observations of debris disks provide insight into the evolution of planetary systems; the composition of dust, comets, and planetesimals outside the Solar System; as well as placing constraints on the orbital architecture and potentially the masses of exoplanets that are not otherwise detectable. This review highlights recent advances in multiwavelength, high-resolution scattered light and thermal imaging that have revealed a complex and intricate diversity of structures in debris disks, and discusses how modeling methods are evolving with the breadth and depth of the available observations. Two rapidly advancing subfields highlighted in this review include observations of atomic and molecular gas around main sequence stars, and variations in emission from debris disks on very short (days to years) timescales, providing evidence of non-steady state collisional evolution particularly in young debris disks.

中文翻译：

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碎片盘：结构、组成和可变性

碎片盘是细小的、以尘埃为主的盘，通常在很长的年龄范围内在恒星周围观察到。主序星周围的恒星类似于太阳系的柯伊伯带和黄道光。碎片盘中的尘埃被认为是不断再生的，主要起源于小行星的碰撞。对碎片盘的观察提供了对行星系统演化的洞察；太阳系外的尘埃、彗星和小行星的组成；以及对轨道结构和可能无法检测到的系外行星的质量施加限制。这篇综述强调了多波长、高分辨率散射光和热成像的最新进展，这些进展揭示了碎片盘中复杂而复杂的结构多样性，并讨论建模方法如何随着可用观察的广度和深度而发展。本综述强调的两个快速发展的子领域包括对主序星周围原子和分子气体的观察，以及碎片盘在非常短（数天到数年）时间尺度上的发射变化，提供了非稳态碰撞演化的证据，特别是在年轻碎片中磁盘。