The undeniable relevance of fungal infections caused by both yeasts and molds has considerably augmented over the last four decades, becoming a serious health public problem in hospitals worldwide. In this scenario, several fungal species have emerged as human pathogens able to cause diseases in both immucompromised and immunocompetent individuals. In this context, species belonging to the Scedosporium and Lomentospora genera are awakening global attention due to their ubiquitous distribution in human-impacted environments, multidrug–resistance profile and ability to cause severe and debilitating illnesses, which culminate in laborious and meticulous medical care, substantial treatment costs and high (and unacceptable!) morbidity and mortality rates. Together, these reasons have been stimulating the international scientific community to take a hard work in order to circumvent these undesirable situations. In this way, the researchers are trying to decipher the main physiopathological events behind the successful capacity of Scedosporium/Lomentospora species to escape from host immune attacks and to resist the available chemotherapeutic treatment options. Therefore, in an attempt to add some pieces to this puzzle, the present review compiles the main published data on taxonomy, genomic, ecology, diagnosis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, relevant clinic-epidemiological statistics/metrics, current treatment options, promising alternative therapeutic approaches, expression of virulence attributes, in vitro interaction with phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, in vivo animal infections and host immune defenses in the Scedosporium/Lomentospora field.

在过去的四十年中，由酵母和霉菌引起的真菌感染的不可否认的相关性已大大增强，成为全球医院中严重的健康公共问题。在这种情况下，已经出现了几种真菌物种，它们是人类致病菌，能够在免疫功能低下和免疫能力强的个体中引起疾病​​。在这种情况下，属于Scedosporium和Lomentospora的物种由于其在人为影响的环境中的普遍分布，多药耐药性以及引起严重和令人衰弱的疾病的能力，这些世代引起了全球的关注，这些疾病最终导致费力而细致的医疗护理，大量的治疗费用以及高（且不可接受！）的发病率和死亡率。这些原因共同刺激了国际科学界为避免这些不良情况而付出艰苦的努力。通过这种方式，研究人员试图破译Scedosporium / Lomentospora成功能力背后的主要生理病理事件。物种逃避宿主的免疫攻击并抵抗可用的化学治疗方法。因此，为了给这个难题增加一些内容，本综述汇编了有关分类学，基因组学，生态学，诊断，流行病学，临床表现，相关的临床流行病学统计/指标，当前的治疗选择，有希望的替代治疗方法的主要公开数据。方法，毒力属性的表达，在体外与吞噬细胞和非吞噬细胞的相互作用，体内动物感染以及Scedosporium / Lomentospora领域的宿主免疫防御。