Abstract Cancer, one of major threats to the human health, possesses intricate structure and constituents distinctive from normal organs and tissues. It has been well recognized that the unique tumor microenvironment (TME) would promote tumor progression and metastases, and in the meanwhile result in resistance of tumors to different types of therapies. Therefore, modulation of TME, instead of directly killing tumor cells, has been proposed as an alternative approach to improve the therapeutic outcomes of current cancer therapies. In this regard, nanomedicine strategies have shown significant potential as intensively reported in recent years. In this review, we would like to summarize the latest efforts utilizing nanomedicine to modulate various features within the microenvironment of solid tumors, including tumor hypoxia, tumor pH, the extracellular matrix, as well as the immune microenvironment within the tumor. The therapeutic benefits after such treatments, especially in combination with many existing cancer therapies, will be introduced. On the other hand, how the modulation of TME would in turn favor the therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicine, will also be discussed. The future perspectives of those strategies, especially towards clinical translation, will be addressed in the end.

中文翻译：

---

用于肿瘤微环境调节和癌症治疗增强的纳米医学

摘要 癌症是人类健康的主要威胁之一，其具有不同于正常器官和组织的错综复杂的结构和成分。众所周知，独特的肿瘤微环境（TME）会促进肿瘤的进展和转移，同时导致肿瘤对不同类型的治疗产生耐药性。因此，已提出调节 TME，而不是直接杀死肿瘤细胞，作为改善当前癌症疗法治疗效果的替代方法。在这方面，近年来，纳米医学策略已显示出巨大的潜力。在这篇综述中，我们想总结利用纳米医学来调节实体肿瘤微环境中的各种特征的最新努力，包括肿瘤缺氧、肿瘤 pH、细胞外基质，以及肿瘤内的免疫微环境。将介绍此类治疗后的治疗益处，特别是与许多现有的癌症疗法相结合。另一方面，还将讨论 TME 的调节如何反过来有利于纳米医学的治疗效果。这些策略的未来前景，尤其是临床转化，将在最后得到解决。