Smoking tobacco contributes to 11.5% of deaths worldwide and, in some countries, more hospitalizations than alcohol and drugs combined. Globally in 2015, 25% of men and 5% of women smoked. In the United States, a higher proportion of people in prison smoke than do community-dwelling individuals. To determine smoking prevalence in prisons worldwide, we systematically reviewed the literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines; we also examined whether prisons banned smoking or treated smokers. We searched databases for articles published between 2012 and 2016 and located 85 relevant articles with data representing 73.5% of all incarcerated persons from 50 countries. In 35 of 36 nations (97%) with published prevalence data, smoking for the incarcerated exceeded community rates 1.04- to 62.6-fold. Taking a conservative estimate of a 2-fold increase, we estimated that, globally, 14.5 million male and 26,000 female smokers pass through prisons annually. Prison authorities’ responses include permitting, prohibiting, or treating tobacco use. Bans may temporarily improve health and reduce in-prison health care costs but have negligible effect after prison release. Evidence-based interventions for smoking cessation effective outside prisons are effective inside; effects persist after release. Because smoking prevalence is heightened in prisons, offering evidence-based interventions to nearly 15 million smokers passing through yearly would improve global health.

中文翻译：

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世界范围内在矫正环境中吸烟：患病率，禁令和干预措施

吸烟占全世界死亡人数的11.5％，在某些国家，住院治疗的人数超过酒精和毒品的总和。2015年，全球有25％的男性和5％的女性吸烟。在美国，监狱烟民的比例高于社区居民。为了确定全世界监狱中的吸烟率，我们使用系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目系统地回顾了文献；我们还检查了监狱是否禁止吸烟或戒烟。我们在数据库中搜索了2012年至2016年之间发表的文章，并找到了85篇相关文章，其数据占50个国家/地区所有被监禁者的73.5％。在公布患病率数据的36个国家中，有35个国家（占97％），被监禁者的吸烟率超出了社区的1.04至62.6倍。保守估计增加了2倍，我们估计全球每年有1450万男性吸烟者和26000女性吸烟者通过监狱。监狱当局的对策包括允许，禁止或治疗烟草使用。禁令可能会暂时改善健康状况并降低监狱内医疗费用，但释放监狱后的影响可忽略不计。在监狱外有效的循证干预戒烟措施在监狱内有效；释放后效果仍然存在。由于监狱中的吸烟率提高，因此，每年向将近1500万吸烟者提供循证干预措施，将改善全球健康状况。监狱当局的对策包括允许，禁止或治疗烟草使用。禁令可能会暂时改善健康状况并降低监狱内医疗费用，但释放监狱后的影响可忽略不计。在监狱外有效的循证干预戒烟措施在监狱内有效；释放后效果仍然存在。由于监狱中的吸烟率提高，因此，每年向将近1500万吸烟者提供循证干预措施，将改善全球健康状况。监狱当局的对策包括允许，禁止或治疗烟草使用。禁令可能会暂时改善健康状况并降低监狱内医疗费用，但释放监狱后的影响可忽略不计。在监狱外有效的循证干预戒烟措施在监狱内有效；释放后效果仍然存在。由于监狱中的吸烟率提高，因此，每年向将近1500万吸烟者提供循证干预措施，将改善全球健康状况。