Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) form the major and unique group of calcium (Ca²⁺) sensors in plants. Attributed to their peculiar structural features, CDPKs play a dual role of “Ca²⁺ sensor and responder” and translate the message from specific Ca²⁺ signature to phosphorylation events. Most of the stress and developmental triggers instigate an increase in Ca²⁺ level and consequently Ca²⁺ signaling in plants. Expression and functional analyses across plant species have revealed differential regulation of CDPK transcripts, activity, protein interactions and substrate targeting under different cues, including biotic and abiotic stresses and plant development. Thus, vital roles of CDPKs are proposed in perpetuating stress and development triggered Ca²⁺ signaling to adaptive responses in plants. Genetic engineering using CDPK genes could be utilitarian in the agricultural biotechnology for imparting higher degree of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and better productivity. Here, we discuss the recent advancements and update of CDPK gene family organization, domain structure and regulatory mechanism, the role of CDPKs in abiotic stress, biotic stress, development signaling and responses in the model and crop plants.

中文翻译：

---

钙依赖性蛋白激酶，在植物胁迫管理和发育中的多功能参与者

钙依赖性蛋白激酶（CDPK）构成植物中钙（Ca ²⁺）传感器的主要和独特组。由于其独特的结构特征，CDPK发挥了“ Ca ²⁺传感器和响应者”的双重作用，并将信息从特定的Ca ²⁺标记转化为磷酸化事件。大多数压力和发育触发因素促使Ca ²⁺水平升高，因此导致Ca ²⁺升高。植物中的信号传导。跨植物物种的表达和功能分析表明，CDPK转录本，活性，蛋白质相互作用和底物靶向在不同线索下的差异调节，包括生物和非生物胁迫以及植物发育。因此，提出了CDPK在维持压力和发育触发Ca ^2+中的重要作用。发信号通知植物的适应性反应。在农业生物技术中，使用CDPK基因进行基因工程改造可以提高生物和非生物胁迫的耐受性，并提高生产力。在这里，我们讨论了CDPK基因家族组织，域结构和调控机制的最新进展和更新，CDPKs在非生物胁迫，生物胁迫，发育信号和模型和作物植物中的作用。