Adaptation is essential to interact with a dynamic and changing environment, and can be observed on different timescales. Previous studies on a motion paradigm called dynamic motion aftereffect (dMAE) showed that neural adaptation can establish even in very short timescales. However, the neural mechanisms underlying such rapid form of neural plasticity is still debated. In the present study, short- and long-term forms of neural plasticity were investigated using dynamic motion aftereffect combined with EEG (Electroencephalogram). Participants were adapted to directional drifting gratings for either short (640 msec) or long (6.4 sec) durations. Both adaptation durations led to motion aftereffects on the perceived direction of a dynamic and directionally ambiguous test pattern, but the long adaptation produced stronger dMAE. In line with behavioral results, we found robust changes in the event-related potentials elicited by the dynamic test pattern within 64-112 msec time range. These changes were mainly clustered over occipital and parieto-occipital scalp sites. Within this time range, the aftereffects induced by long adaptation were stronger than those by short adaptation. Moreover, the aftereffects by each adaptation duration were in the opposite direction. Overall, these EEG findings suggest that dMAEs reflect changes in cortical areas mediating low- and mid-level visual motion processing. They further provide evidence that short- and long-term forms of motion adaptation lead to distinct changes in neural activity, and hence support the view that adaptation is an active time-dependent process which involves different neural mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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神经适应的短期和长期形式：动态运动后效应的ERP研究。

适应对于与动态变化的环境进行交互至关重要，并且可以在不同的时间尺度上观察到。先前对称为动态运动后效应（dMAE）的运动范例的研究表明，即使在很短的时间范围内，神经适应也可以建立。但是，仍在争论这种快速形式的神经可塑性的神经机制。在本研究中，使用动态运动后效应结合EEG（脑电图）研究了神经可塑性的短期和长期形式。与会人员适应了短时（640毫秒）或长时（6.4秒）的定向漂移光栅。两种适应持续时间均导致运动对动态和定向歧义测试图样的感知方向产生后效应，但长期适应会产生更强的dMAE。与行为结果一致，我们发现动态测试模式在64-112毫秒的时间范围内引发了事件相关电位的强大变化。这些变化主要集中在枕骨和顶枕头皮部位。在此时间范围内，长期适应引起的后效应要强于短期适应引起的后效应。而且，每个适应持续时间的后效应是相反的方向。总体而言，这些脑电图结果表明dMAE反映了介导低水平和中水平视觉运动处理的皮质区域的变化。他们进一步提供了证据，表明短期和长期形式的运动适应会导致神经活动发生明显变化，因此支持这样的观点，即适应是一个活跃的时间依赖性过程，涉及不同的神经机制。我们发现动态测试模式在64-112毫秒的时间范围内引发了事件相关电位的强大变化。这些变化主要集中在枕骨和顶枕头皮部位。在此时间范围内，长期适应引起的后效应要强于短期适应引起的后效应。而且，每个适应持续时间的后效应是相反的方向。总体而言，这些脑电图结果表明dMAE反映了介导低水平和中水平视觉运动处理的皮质区域的变化。他们进一步提供了证据，表明短期和长期形式的运动适应会导致神经活动发生明显变化，因此支持这样的观点，即适应是一个活跃的时间依赖性过程，涉及不同的神经机制。我们发现动态测试模式在64-112毫秒的时间范围内引发了事件相关电位的强大变化。这些变化主要集中在枕骨和顶枕头皮部位。在此时间范围内，长期适应引起的后效应要强于短期适应引起的后效应。而且，每个适应持续时间的后效应是相反的方向。总体而言，这些脑电图结果表明dMAE反映了介导低水平和中水平视觉运动处理的皮质区域的变化。他们进一步提供了证据，表明短期和长期形式的运动适应会导致神经活动发生明显变化，因此支持以下观点：适应是一个与时间有关的活跃过程，涉及不同的神经机制。