Low vitamin D level during pregnancy has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanism remains largely unknown. This study investigated the association between gestational 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and brain morphology in 2597 children at the age of 10 years in the population-based Generation R Study. We studied both 25(OH)D in maternal venous blood in mid-gestation and in umbilical cord blood at delivery, in relation to brain volumetric measures and surface-based cortical metrics including cortical thickness, surface area, and gyrification using linear regression. We found exposure to higher maternal 25(OH)D concentrations in mid-gestation was associated with a larger cerebellar volume in children (b = 0.02, 95%CI 0.001 to 0.04), however this association did not remain after correction for multiple comparisons. In addition, children exposed to persistently deficient (i.e., <25 nmol/L) 25(OH)D concentration from mid-gestation to delivery showed less cerebral gray matter and white matter volumes, as well as smaller surface area and less gyrification at 10 years than those with persistently sufficient (i.e., ≥50 nmol/L) 25(OH)D concentration. These results suggest temporal relationships between gestational vitamin D concentration and brain morphological development in children.

中文翻译：

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一项关于青春期前儿童妊娠期维生素 D 状态和大脑形态的前瞻性人群研究

怀孕期间维生素 D 水平低与不利的神经发育结果有关，例如儿童自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD)。然而，潜在的神经生物学机制在很大程度上仍然未知。本研究在基于人群的 R 世代研究中调查了 2597 名 10 岁儿童的妊娠期 25-羟基维生素 D [25(OH)D] 浓度与大脑形态之间的关联。我们研究了妊娠中期母体静脉血和分娩时脐带血中的 25(OH)D，与脑体积测量和基于表面的皮质指标（包括皮质厚度、表面积和使用线性回归）的关系。我们发现在妊娠中期暴露于较高浓度的母体 25(OH)D 与较大的儿童小脑体积相关（b = 0.02，95%CI 0. 001 到 0.04），但是这种关联在多重比较校正后没有保留。此外，从妊娠中期到分娩暴露于持续缺乏（即 <25 nmol/L）25(OH)D 浓度的儿童表现出较少的脑灰质和白质体积，以及较小的表面积和较少的 10 25(OH)D 浓度持续充足（即 ≥ 50 nmol/L）。这些结果表明妊娠期维生素 D 浓度与儿童大脑形态发育之间存在时间关系。以及比那些持续充足（即≥50 nmol/L）25(OH)D 浓度的产品在 10 年时具有更小的表面积和更少的回旋。这些结果表明妊娠期维生素 D 浓度与儿童大脑形态发育之间存在时间关系。以及比那些持续充足（即≥50 nmol/L） 25(OH)D 浓度的产品具有更小的表面积和更小的 10 年回转。这些结果表明妊娠期维生素 D 浓度与儿童大脑形态发育之间存在时间关系。