Pyridalyl is one of the recently discovered insecticides which has shown toxicity against several insect pests with slight- or non-lethal effects against natural enemies. Cytotoxicity and prevention of protein synthesis have been reported as pyridalyl mode of action. In the current study, adults of Bacterocera oleae, as a major pest of olive, were fed on protein hydrolysate diet containing LC50 concentration of pyridalyl to determine the possible mode of action through gene expression and amino acid profile. Results showed that treated flies had significantly higher gene expressions of cytochrome P450, insulin receptor-like, antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and the enzymes involved in cell death; caspase1, caspase3, caspase8 and caspase9 compared to control. Moreover, determination of amino acid profile in the whole body of both control and pyridalyl-treated B. oleae revealed the significant higher amounts of glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, threonine, citrulin, arginine, taurine, alanine, tyrosine, α-amino butric acid, methionine and isoleucine in the treated adults while the control flies had the higher amounts of serine, glycine and tryptophane. No significant differences were found in the amounts of asparagine and phenylalanine between control and treatments. These results are in accordance with earlier findings on mode of action of pyridalyl through activation of cytochrome P450 system and alterations in protein synthesis machinery although here other mechanisms were also reported including activation of insulin receptor and antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, it is the first report on cytotoxicity through apoptosis with engagement of caspases.

中文翻译：

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Bactrocera oleae Rossi（双翅目：实蝇科）某些生理过程的改变在吡啶啉处理后

吡啶是最近发现的杀虫剂之一，它对几种害虫显示出毒性，对天敌有轻微或非致命的影响。细胞毒性和蛋白质合成的预防已被报道为嘧啶的作用方式。在当前的研究中，作为橄榄的主要害虫的油蜡菌成虫被喂食含有 LC50 浓度的吡啶啉的蛋白质水解物饲料，以通过基因表达和氨基酸谱确定可能的作用模式。结果表明，经过处理的果蝇细胞色素P450、胰岛素受体样、抗氧化酶（过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶）和参与细胞死亡的酶的基因表达显着升高；caspase1、caspase3、caspase8 和 caspase9 与对照相比。而且，对对照和吡啶基处理的双歧杆菌全身氨基酸谱的测定表明谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、组氨酸、苏氨酸、瓜氨酸、精氨酸、牛磺酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、α-氨基丁酸的含量显着增加，经处理的成虫中的蛋氨酸和异亮氨酸含量较高，而对照果蝇的丝氨酸、甘氨酸和色氨酸含量较高。对照和处理之间的天冬酰胺和苯丙氨酸的量没有发现显着差异。这些结果与通过激活细胞色素 P450 系统和改变蛋白质合成机制对吡啶啉作用方式的早期发现一致，尽管这里也报道了其他机制，包括激活胰岛素受体和抗氧化酶。而且，