Maternal exposure to toxic and essential trace elements represents a surrogate of exposure to the unborn child. Variables of exposure as sociodemographic, lifestyles and diet may contribute to different exposure of pregnant women to specific trace elements. Blood, urine and cord blood samples of 53 pregnant women of the HEALS-EXHES cohort, recruited in Reus (Catalonia, Spain) between 2016 and 2017, were analysed for the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn. Univariate and multivariate models were built in order to assess associations between element concentrations in each matrix, and variables obtained by questionnaires on mothers' characteristics and dietary habits. Results showed several significant associations between various variables and essential trace and toxic elements. Age was associated with higher levels of Cd and Pb in cord blood samples. Multiparous women showed lower levels of Cd in maternal blood and Pb in both maternal and cord blood than nulliparous women. Hispanic mothers presented higher levels of blood As and lower levels of blood Se compared to mothers of different ethnicity. Higher education level was associated with higher As and Hg concentrations in both maternal and cord blood samples. Higher annual income diminished the level of Pb in maternal blood. Smoking in pregnancy incremented the levels of Cd in mothers' blood. Alcohol consumption may affect the absorption of Cu, Mn and Zn. Supplementations with multivitamins, folic acid and iron showed effects on elements as Cr, Mn, Se and Zn. Regarding food group intake, bluefish incremented Pb levels, while canned fish and seafood affected levels of some elements as As, Hg, Cu and Se. Other elements such as Mn and Pb were influenced by the intake of different kinds of foods. The present results showed that some modifiable lifestyles and food intakes could be the target of interventions to help pregnant women to maintain suitable concentrations of essential elements and lower levels of toxic ones, and to improve consequently neonatal health outcomes.

中文翻译：

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人体生物监测，以评估怀孕期间是否接触有毒和必需的微量元素。B部分：暴露预测。

孕产妇接触有毒和必不可少的微量元素是孕产妇暴露的替代指标。诸如社会人口统计学，生活方式和饮食等方面的暴露变量可能导致孕妇对特定痕量元素的不同暴露。分析2016年至2017年在雷乌斯（西班牙加泰罗尼亚）招募的53名HEALS-EXHES队列孕妇的血液，尿液和脐带血样本中的As，Cd，Co，Cr，Cu，Hg，Mn的浓度，Ni，Pb，Se和Zn。建立单变量和多变量模型是为了评估每个矩阵中的元素浓度与通过问卷调查获得的有关母亲特征和饮食习惯的变量之间的关联。结果表明，各种变量与必需的痕量和有毒元素之间存在多种显着关联。年龄与脐带血样本中Cd和Pb的较高水平有关。与无产妇相比，多产妇女的母血中Cd和母血和脐带血中Pb含量较低。与不同种族的母亲相比，西班牙裔母亲的血液中As含量较高，Se血液中含量较低。较高的教育水平与孕妇和脐带血样本中较高的砷和汞浓度相关。较高的年收入减少了孕妇血液中的铅含量。怀孕期间吸烟会增加母亲血液中的镉含量。饮酒可能会影响铜，锰和锌的吸收。补充多种维生素，叶酸和铁对铬，锰，硒和锌等元素有影响。关于食物种类的摄入，蓝鱼增加了铅的含量，鱼和海鲜罐头会影响某些元素（如砷，汞，铜和硒）的含量。其他元素（如锰和铅）受摄入不同种类食物的影响。目前的结果表明，一些可改变的生活方式和食物摄入量可能是干预的目标，以帮助孕妇维持适当的必需元素浓度和较低水平的有毒元素含量，从而改善新生儿健康状况。