In Chile, the salmon and trout farmed fishing industries have rapidly grown during the last years, becoming one of the most important economic sources for the country. However, infectious diseases caused by bacteria, virus, mycoses and parasites, result in losses of up to 700 million dollars per year for the Chilean aquaculture production with the consequent increase of antibiotic and antiparasitic usage. After 30 years of its first appearance, the main salmon health problem is still the salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), which together with other disease outbreaks, reveal that vaccines do not provide acceptable levels of long-lasting immune protection in the field. On the other hand, due to the large dependence of the industry on salmonids production, the Chilean government promoted the Aquaculture diversification program by 2009, which includes new species such as Merluccius australis, Cilus gilberti and Genypterus chilensis, however, specific research regarding the immune system and vaccine development are issues that still need to be addressed and must be considered as important as the farm production technologies for new fish species. Based on the experience acquired from the salmonid fish farming, should be mandatory an effort to study the immune system of the new species to develop knowledge for vaccination approaches, aiming to protect these aquaculture species before diseases outbreaks may occur. This review focuses on the current status of the Chilean aquaculture industry, the challenges related to emerging and re-emerging microbial pathogens on salmonid fish farming, and the resulting needs in the development of immune protection by rational designed vaccines. We also discussed about what we have learn from 25 years of salmonid researches and what can be applied to the new Chilean farmed species on immunology and vaccinology.

中文翻译：

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智利水产养殖业面临的新挑战：病原体，免疫反应，疫苗接种和鱼类多样化。

在智利，鲑鱼和鳟鱼养殖业在过去几年中迅速发展，已成为该国最重要的经济来源之一。然而，由细菌，病毒，霉菌和寄生虫引起的传染病每年给智利水产养殖生产造成高达7亿美元的损失，从而增加了抗生素和抗寄生虫药的使用。鲑鱼首次出现30年后，其主要的健康问题仍然是鲑鱼立克次氏败血症（SRS），与其他疾病暴发一起显示，疫苗在野外无法提供可接受的长期免疫保护水平。另一方面，由于该行业对鲑鱼生产的高度依赖，智利政府在2009年之前推动了水产养殖多样化计划，其中包括新物种，例如南方墨鱼，Cilus gilberti和Chiypterus chilensis，但是，有关免疫系统和疫苗开发的具体研究仍然是需要解决的问题，必须被视为与新鱼类的农场生产技术一样重要。根据从鲑鱼养殖中获得的经验，应该强制性地努力研究新物种的免疫系统，以开发有关疫苗接种方法的知识，旨在在疾病爆发之前保护这些水产养殖物种。这篇综述着重于智利水产养殖业的现状，与鲑鱼养殖有关的微生物病原体的出现和重新出现的挑战，以及对合理设计疫苗的免疫保护发展的需求。