Multiple Myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy after non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is manifested by uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). The incidence along with deaths associated with MM is on rise due to lack of an effective diagnosis at an early stage. The identification of MM decades ago marks the adoption of certain conventional markers such as plasma cell percentage in BM, serum protein electrophoresis for M-band and urinary Bence-Jones protein. This was then followed by utilization of β2 microglobulin and serum albumin for determining the staging of MM. The need for a better diagnostic or prognostic marker prompts researchers and hence, certain novel markers have been tested which includes extracellular matrix proteins, angiogenic factors, telomeres and telomerase along with the immune markers. Nowadays, proteomic and genomic studies are being performed to identify novel diagnostic and/or prognostic markers for MM. Followed by this, comes the emerging concept of liquid biopsy which allows easy and non-invasive detection of the disease. The liquid biopsy comprises of circulatory tumor cells along with the nucleic acids (microRNAs and cell-free DNA) released from the tumor cells in peripheral circulation which could be a true representation of BM. This review, hence, summarizes the emerging biomarkers involved in the diagnosis and prognosis of MM.

中文翻译：

---

多发性骨髓瘤中新兴的生物标志物：综述。

多发性骨髓瘤（MM）是仅次于非霍奇金淋巴瘤的第二大常见血液系统恶性肿瘤，其表现为骨髓（BM）中异常浆细胞的失控增殖和积累。由于早期缺乏有效的诊断，与MM相关的死亡人数不断增加。数十年前对MM的鉴定标志着某些常规标记的采用，例如BM中的浆细胞百分比，M波段的血清蛋白电泳和尿Bence-Jones蛋白。然后，利用β2微球蛋白和血清白蛋白确定MM的分期。需要更好的诊断或预后标志物提示研究人员，因此，已经测试了某些新型标志物，包括细胞外基质蛋白，血管生成因子，端粒和端粒酶以及免疫标记。如今，蛋白质组学和基因组学研究正在进行中，以鉴定MM的新型诊断和/或预后标志物。紧随其后的是液体活检的新概念，它可以轻松，无创地检测疾病。液体活检包括循环肿瘤细胞以及在外周循环中从肿瘤细胞释放的核酸（microRNA和无细胞DNA），这可能是BM的真实代表。因此，本综述总结了与MM的诊断和预后有关的新兴生物标志物。液体活检的新概念应运而生，它可以轻松，无创地检测疾病。液体活检包括循环肿瘤细胞以及在外周循环中从肿瘤细胞释放的核酸（microRNA和无细胞DNA），这可能是BM的真实代表。因此，本综述总结了与MM的诊断和预后有关的新兴生物标志物。液体活检的新概念应运而生，它可以轻松，无创地检测疾病。液体活检包括循环肿瘤细胞以及在外周循环中从肿瘤细胞释放的核酸（microRNA和无细胞DNA），这可能是BM的真实代表。因此，本综述总结了与MM的诊断和预后有关的新兴生物标志物。