Ferroelectrics are capable of producing megawatt power levels under shock loading due to stress-induced phase transformations, resulting in depolarization of the ferroelectric materials. This power can be used for generation of high voltages, high currents, or ultrahigh-power electromagnetic radiation. The results are reported herein on an experimental study of limitations on energy harvested from shocked Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 and PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 ferroelectrics and transferred to external electrical systems. The experimental results indicate that one of the limits to the energy transfer is electric breakdown that occurs within ferroelectric specimens during shock wave transit and depolarization, interrupting the energy transfer process and resulting in energy losses. It was revealed that the mechanism for breakdown in shocked ferroelectrics differs depending on the energy transfer time range, making a significant impact on the energy transfer process. High-speed photography and analysis of outputs for the two ferroelectrics indicate that for energy transfer times exceeding eight microseconds, the mechanical fragmentation of the ferroelectric material caused by the shock and resulting release waves following the shock wave front plays an important part in the breakdown process, while a thermal runaway dominates the breakdown at shorter energy transfer times. The heretofore disregarded mechanism of electric breakdown of the mechanically fragmented dielectric media is an unavoidable time-limiting factor for energy transfer from ferroelectrics under shock loading. The results obtained in this study are important for understanding the behavior of ferroelectrics during shock wave transit under high electric fields and for ultrahigh-power applications of ferroelectric materials.Ferroelectrics are capable of producing megawatt power levels under shock loading due to stress-induced phase transformations, resulting in depolarization of the ferroelectric materials. This power can be used for generation of high voltages, high currents, or ultrahigh-power electromagnetic radiation. The results are reported herein on an experimental study of limitations on energy harvested from shocked Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 and PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 ferroelectrics and transferred to external electrical systems. The experimental results indicate that one of the limits to the energy transfer is electric breakdown that occurs within ferroelectric specimens during shock wave transit and depolarization, interrupting the energy transfer process and resulting in energy losses. It was revealed that the mechanism for breakdown in shocked ferroelectrics differs depending on the energy transfer time range, making a significant impact on the energy transfer process. High-speed photography and analysis of out...

中文翻译：

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在冲击载荷下从铁电材料收集的能量转移的基本限制

由于应力引起的相变，铁电体能够在冲击载荷下产生兆瓦级的功率，从而导致铁电材料的去极化。该电源可用于产生高电压、高电流或超高功率电磁辐射。本文报告了对从受冲击的 Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0​​.02O3 和 PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 铁电体收集并转移到外部电气系统的能量限制的实验研究的结果。实验结果表明，能量转移的限制之一是在冲击波传输和去极化过程中铁电样品内发生的电击穿，中断能量转移过程并导致能量损失。结果表明，冲击铁电体的击穿机制因能量转移时间范围而异，对能量转移过程产生重大影响。两种铁电体的高速摄影和输出分析表明，对于超过 8 微秒的能量传输时间，由冲击引起的铁电材料的机械碎裂和冲击波前产生的释放波在击穿过程中起着重要作用，而热失控在较短的能量传输时间内主导击穿。迄今为止被忽视的机械破碎电介质的电击穿机制是冲击载荷下铁电体能量转移的不可避免的时间限制因素。本研究中获得的结果对于理解高电场下冲击波传输过程中铁电体的行为以及铁电材料的超高功率应用非常重要。 由于应力引起的相变，铁电体能够在冲击载荷下产生兆瓦级的功率水平，导致铁电材料的去极化。该电源可用于产生高电压、高电流或超高功率电磁辐射。本文报告了对从受冲击的 Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0​​.02O3 和 PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 铁电体收集并转移到外部电气系统的能量限制的实验研究的结果。实验结果表明，能量转移的限制之一是在冲击波传输和去极化过程中铁电样品内发生的电击穿，中断能量转移过程并导致能量损失。结果表明，冲击铁电体的击穿机制因能量转移时间范围而异，对能量转移过程产生重大影响。高速摄影和分析外...