Abstract The attention towards possible link of earthquakes (EQs) and ionosphere in the form of seismo ionosphere anomalies (SIAs) has increased exponentially by utilizing new data and more accurate observations. The integrated atmosphere and ionosphere monitoring satellites has played a decisive role in this development and provided detection and analysis of anomalies attributed to seismic processes. In this paper, we study EQ anomalies in ionosphere from IGS permanent Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) based Total Electron Content (TEC) and foF2 parameter (highest frequency reflected from the main ionospheric F2 layer on a vertical propagation path), retrieved from stations operating within the seismogenic zone in Japan for EQs of magnitude Mw > 6.0. Furthermore, spatial composite maps of geopotential height, air temperature, and Outgoing Long-wave Radiation (OLR) from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Center for Environmental Prediction (NOAA/NCEP) are analyzed to support the hypothesis of diffusion of SIAs through the atmosphere over the epicenter during the seismic preparation zone. We find evidences of TEC and foF2 anomalies in the analysis of nearby IGS permanent stations within seismogenic zone on main shock day, when geomagnetic activities remain quiet. In addition, atmospheric composite indices manifest anomalies attributed to the EQ on the same day as TEC and foF2 perturbations. Similarly, differential ionosphere and atmosphere values indicate that EQ abnormalities are significant on main shock day during UT = 10–12. Our results show that atmospheric and ionospheric measurements may play a role for the analysis and prediction of EQs.

中文翻译：

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与日本 Mw > 6.0 地震相关的可能电离层和大气前兆分析

摘要 通过利用新数据和更准确的观测，人们对以地震电离层异常 (SIA) 形式存在的地震 (EQ) 和电离层之间可能存在的联系的关注呈指数级增长。大气和电离层综合监测卫星在这一发展中发挥了决定性作用，并提供了归因于地震过程的异常检测和分析。在本文中，我们从基于 IGS 永久全球导航卫星系统 (GNSS) 的总电子含量 (TEC) 和 foF2 参数（垂直传播路径上主要电离层 F2 层反射的最高频率）研究电离层中的 EQ 异常，从站检索在日本的地震带内运行，用于 Mw > 6.0 的 EQ。此外，位势高度、气温、分析了来自国家海洋和大气管理局/国家环境预测中心 (NOAA/NCEP) 的传出长波辐射 (OLR) 和输出长波辐射 (OLR)，以支持地震准备带期间 SIA 通过震中大气扩散的假设。当地磁活动保持平静时，我们在主震日对发震区内附近 IGS 常设站的分析中发现了 TEC 和 foF2 异常的证据。此外，大气综合指数在 TEC 和 foF2 扰动的同一天表现出归因于 EQ 的异常。同样，不同的电离层和大气值表明，在 UT = 10-12 期间，主震日的 EQ 异常显着。我们的结果表明，大气和电离层测量可能对 EQ 的分析和预测发挥作用。