BACKGROUND Fargesia macclureana (Poaceae) is a woody bamboo species found on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) approximately 2000 ~ 3800 m above sea level. It rarely blossoms in the QTP, but it flowered 20 days after growing in our lab, which is in a low-altitude area outside the QTP. To date, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of bamboo flowering, and no studies of flowering have been conducted on wild bamboo plants growing in extreme environments. Here, we report the first de novo transcriptome sequence for F. macclureana to investigate the putative mechanisms underlying the flowering time control used by F. macclureana to adapt to its environment. RESULTS Illumina deep sequencing of the F. macclureana transcriptome generated 140.94 Gb of data, assembled into 99,056 unigenes. A comprehensive analysis of the broadly, specifically and differentially expressed unigenes (BEUs, SEUs and DEUs) indicated that they were mostly involved in metabolism and signal transduction, as well as DNA repair and plant-pathogen interactions, which may be of adaptive importance. In addition, comparison analysis between non-flowering and flowering tissues revealed that expressions of FmFT and FmHd3a, two putative F. macclureana orthologs, were differently regulated in NF- vs F- leaves, and carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction were two major KEGG pathways that DEUs were enriched in. Finally, we detected 9296 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) that may be useful for further molecular marker-assisted breeding. CONCLUSIONS F. macclureana may have evolved specific reproductive strategies for flowering-related pathways in response to photoperiodic cues to ensure long vegetation growing period. Our findings will provide new insights to future investigations into the mechanisms of flowering time control and adaptive evolution in plants growing at high altitudes.

中文翻译：

---

转录组的从头测序揭示了Fargesia macclureana（禾本科）中花过渡的调控因子。

背景技术Fargesia macclureana（禾本科）是一种木本竹种，在青藏高原（QTP）上海拔约2000〜3800 m。它在QTP中很少开花，但在我们实验室中生长后20天才开花，该实验室位于QTP以外的低海拔地区。迄今为止，人们对竹子开花的分子机制知之甚少，并且还没有对在极端环境下生长的野生竹子植物进行开花的研究。在这里，我们报告的第一个从头转录组序列的Mac F. macclureana，以调查潜在的潜在机制，由F. macclureana用来适应其环境的开花时间控制。结果I.lumina对Macclureana转录组的深度测序产生了140.94 Gb的数据，组装成99,056个单基因。全面地分析，具体和差异表达的单基因（BEU，SEU和DEU）表明它们主要参与代谢和信号转导以及DNA修复和植物-病原体的相互作用，这可能具有适应性。此外，非开花组织和开花组织之间的比较分析表明，两种假定的F. macclureana直系同源物FmFT和FmHd3a的表达在NF-和F-叶中受到不同的调节，而碳水化合物的代谢和信号转导是两个主要的KEGG途径， DEU富集。最后，我们检测到9296个简单序列重复（SSR），可能对进一步的分子标记辅助育种有用。结论F．Macclureana可能已经开发了针对开花相关途径的特定繁殖策略，以响应光周期信号，以确保较长的植被生长期。我们的发现将为未来研究在高海拔地区植物中开花时间控制和适应性进化的机制提供新的见解。