Autophagosome formation and maturation involve the two ubiquitin-like systems: The ATG8 and ATG12 systems. ATG8 (LC3s and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated proteins in mammals) and ATG12 are covalently conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine and ATG5, respectively. Although the ATG12 and ATG8 systems were discovered more than 20 years ago, their molecular functions are not fully understood. The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings related to ATG conjugation systems, focusing on current controversies regarding the genetic hierarchy of these systems, interpretation of conjugation-independent alternative macroautophagy, the differences in roles between LC3s and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated proteins in autophagosome formation and cargo recognition, and evolution of these systems.

中文翻译：

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自噬中的ATG共轭系统。

自噬体的形成和成熟涉及两个泛素样系统：ATG8和ATG12系统。ATG8（哺乳动物中的LC3和与γ-氨基丁酸受体相关的蛋白）和ATG12分别共价结合到磷脂酰乙醇胺和ATG5。尽管ATG12和ATG8系统是在20多年前发现的，但它们的分子功能尚未完全了解。这篇综述的目的是总结与ATG缀合系统有关的最新发现，重点是关于这些系统遗传层次的当前争议，与缀合无关的替代性巨噬细胞的解释，LC3与γ-氨基丁酸受体相关的作用之间的差异自噬体形成和货物识别中的蛋白质，以及这些系统的进化。