BACKGROUND The incidence of human infection and colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has increased in the recent years. Environmental sources, including bird droppings, might play an important role as resistance reservoirs. RESULTS Fresh fecal samples were collected from rooks and wild-living birds during the autumn-winter period of 2016/2017, and tested for the presence of bacteria associated with human diseases. Besides bacteria representing the genera Enterococcus, Campylobacter, Escherichia, and Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Hafnia, and Pseudomonas were also identified. The susceptibility of S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. isolates to methicillin, and vancomycin and teicoplanin, respectively, was analyzed to assess the avian wildlife as a reservoir of MRSA and VRE strains. Twenty-two percent of all S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant. These strains were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using the most widely used primer sets specific for the mecA gene. Twenty percent of all Enterococcus strains were phenotypically vancomycin-resistant. The presence of van resistance genes in these strains was investigated by PCR using vanA and vanB gene-specific primers. A good correlation between mecA gene detection and disc diffusion data was observed, while some discrepancy was noted between the PCR data and the vancomycin/teicoplanin phenotypic resistance pattern. The incidence of strains resistant to methicillin and glycopeptide antibiotics in wild-living birds was twice that in rooks. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that rooks from urban areas and passerine birds from the natural habitat carry antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. and S. aureus strains, probably reflecting the presence of such isolates in the environmental food sources.

中文翻译：

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波兰东南部鸟类粪便样品中的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐糖肽肠球菌。

背景技术近年来，耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐万古霉素的肠球菌（VRE）的人感染和定植的发生率增加。包括鸟类粪便在内的环境资源可能起着重要的抗药性作用。结果在2016/2017秋冬期间，从鸡群和野生鸟类采集了新鲜的粪便样本，并测试了与人类疾病相关的细菌的存在。除了代表肠球菌属，弯曲杆菌，大肠埃希氏菌和葡萄球菌的细菌外，还鉴定了肠杆菌，柠檬酸杆菌，变形杆菌，Hafnia和假单胞菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌的易感性。分别分离出甲氧西林，万古霉素和替考拉宁，经过分析，评估了作为MRSA和VRE毒株库的鸟类野生动植物。所有金黄色葡萄球菌分离株中有22％耐甲氧西林。使用最广泛使用的针对mecA基因的引物对，通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）筛选这些菌株。在所有肠球菌菌株中有20％在表型上对万古霉素耐药。使用vanA和vanB基因特异性引物通过PCR研究了这些菌株中van耐药基因的存在。观察到mecA基因检测与椎间盘扩散数据之间具有良好的相关性，而PCR数据与万古霉素/替考拉宁表型耐药模式之间存在一些差异。在野生鸟类中，对甲氧西林和糖肽抗生素具有抗药性的菌株的发病率是白嘴鸦的两倍。结论该研究表明，城市地区的白嘴鸦和自然栖息地的雀形目鸟类携带抗药性肠球菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌菌株，可能反映了这种分离株在环境食品中的存在。