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Directional association test reveals high-quality putative cancer driver biomarkers including noncoding RNAs.
BMC Medical Genomics ( IF 2.1 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-30 , DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0565-9
Hua Zhong 1 , Mingzhou Song 1, 2
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Most statistical methods used to identify cancer driver genes are either biased due to choice of assumed parametric models or insensitive to directional relationships important for causal inference. To overcome modeling biases and directional insensitivity, a recent statistical functional chi-squared test (FunChisq) detects directional association via model-free functional dependency. FunChisq examines patterns pointing from independent to dependent variables arising from linear, non-linear, or many-to-one functional relationships. Meanwhile, the Functional Annotation of Mammalian Genome 5 (FANTOM5) project surveyed gene expression at over 200,000 transcription start sites (TSSs) in nearly all human tissue types, primary cell types, and cancer cell lines. The data cover TSSs originated from both coding and noncoding genes. For the vast uncharacterized human TSSs that may exhibit complex patterns in cancer versus normal tissues, the model-free property of FunChisq provides us an unprecedented opportunity to assess the evidence for a gene's directional effect on human cancer. RESULTS We first evaluated FunChisq and six other methods using 719 curated cancer genes on the FANTOM5 data. FunChisq performed best in detecting known cancer driver genes from non-cancer genes. We also show the capacity of FunChisq to reveal non-monotonic patterns of functional association, to which typical differential analysis methods such as t-test are insensitive. Further applying FunChisq to screen unannotated TSSs in FANTOM5, we predicted 1108 putative cancer driver noncoding RNAs, stronger than 90% of curated cancer driver genes. Next, we compared leukemia samples against other samples in FANTOM5 and FunChisq predicted 332/79 potential biomarkers for lymphoid/myeloid leukemia, stronger than the TSSs of all 87/100 known driver genes in lymphoid/myeloid leukemia. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the advantage of FunChisq in revealing directional association, especially in detecting non-monotonic patterns. Here, we also provide the most comprehensive catalog of high-quality biomarkers that may play a causative role in human cancers, including putative cancer driver noncoding RNAs and lymphoid/myeloid leukemia specific biomarkers.

中文翻译:

定向关联测试揭示了包括非编码 RNA 在内的高质量推定癌症驱动生物标志物。

背景技术用于识别癌症驱动基因的大多数统计方法要么由于选择假定的参数模型而存在偏差,要么对因果推断重要的方向关系不敏感。为了克服建模偏差和方向不敏感,最近的统计功能卡方检验 (FunChisq) 通过无模型功能依赖检测方向关联。FunChisq 检查由线性、非线性或多对一函数关系产生的从自变量指向因变量的模式。同时,哺乳动物基因组 5 的功能注释 (FANTOM5) 项目调查了几乎所有人类组织类型、原代细胞类型和癌细胞系中超过 200,000 个转录起始位点 (TSS) 的基因表达。数据涵盖源自编码和非编码基因的 TSS。对于可能在癌症与正常组织中表现出复杂模式的大量未表征的人类 TSS,FunChisq 的无模型特性为我们提供了前所未有的机会来评估基因对人类癌症的定向影响的证据。结果 我们首先使用 FANTOM5 数据上的 719 个精选癌症基因评估了 FunChisq 和其他六种方法。FunChisq 在从非癌症基因中检测已知癌症驱动基因方面表现最好。我们还展示了 FunChisq 揭示功能关联的非单调模式的能力,典型的差异分析方法(如 t 检验)对此不敏感。进一步应用 FunChisq 筛选 FANTOM5 中未注释的 TSS,我们预测了 1108 个推定的癌症驱动非编码 RNA,比 90% 的癌症驱动基因强。下一个,我们将白血病样本与 FANTOM5 中的其他样本进行了比较,FunChisq 预测了 332/79 个潜在的淋巴/髓性白血病生物标志物,比淋巴/髓性白血病中所有 87/100 个已知驱动基因的 TSS 更强。结论 这项研究证明了 FunChisq 在揭示方向关联方面的优势,特别是在检测非单调模式方面。在这里,我们还提供了最全面的可能在人类癌症中起致病作用的高质量生物标志物目录,包括推定的癌症驱动非编码 RNA 和淋巴/髓细胞白血病特异性生物标志物。结论 这项研究证明了 FunChisq 在揭示方向关联方面的优势,特别是在检测非单调模式方面。在这里,我们还提供了最全面的可能在人类癌症中起致病作用的高质量生物标志物目录,包括推定的癌症驱动非编码 RNA 和淋巴/髓细胞白血病特异性生物标志物。结论 这项研究证明了 FunChisq 在揭示方向关联方面的优势,特别是在检测非单调模式方面。在这里,我们还提供了最全面的可能在人类癌症中起致病作用的高质量生物标志物目录,包括推定的癌症驱动非编码 RNA 和淋巴/髓细胞白血病特异性生物标志物。
更新日期:2019-12-30
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