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The phylogenetic significance of the morphology of the syrinx, hyoid and larynx, of the southern cassowary, Casuarius casuarius (Aves, Palaeognathae).
BMC Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-27 , DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1544-7
Phoebe L McInerney 1 , Michael S Y Lee 1, 2 , Alice M Clement 1 , Trevor H Worthy 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Palaeognathae is a basal clade within Aves and include the large and flightless ratites and the smaller, volant tinamous. Although much research has been conducted on various aspects of palaeognath morphology, ecology, and evolutionary history, there are still areas which require investigation. This study aimed to fill gaps in our knowledge of the Southern Cassowary, Casuarius casuarius, for which information on the skeletal systems of the syrinx, hyoid and larynx is lacking - despite these structures having been recognised as performing key functional roles associated with vocalisation, respiration and feeding. Previous research into the syrinx and hyoid have also indicated these structures to be valuable for determining evolutionary relationships among neognath taxa, and thus suggest they would also be informative for palaeognath phylogenetic analyses, which still exhibits strong conflict between morphological and molecular trees. RESULTS The morphology of the syrinx, hyoid and larynx of C. casuarius is described from CT scans. The syrinx is of the simple tracheo-bronchial syrinx type, lacking specialised elements such as the pessulus; the hyoid is relatively short with longer ceratobranchials compared to epibranchials; and the larynx is comprised of entirely cartilaginous, standard avian anatomical elements including a concave, basin-like cricoid and fused cricoid wings. As in the larynx, both the syrinx and hyoid lack ossification and all three structures were most similar to Dromaius. We documented substantial variation across palaeognaths in the skeletal character states of the syrinx, hyoid, and larynx, using both the literature and novel observations (e.g. of C. casuarius). Notably, new synapomorphies linking Dinornithiformes and Tinamidae are identified, consistent with the molecular evidence for this clade. These shared morphological character traits include the ossification of the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, and an additional cranial character, the articulation between the maxillary process of the nasal and the maxilla. CONCLUSION Syrinx, hyoid and larynx characters of palaeognaths display greater concordance with molecular trees than do other morphological traits. These structures might therefore be less prone to homoplasy related to flightlessness and gigantism, compared to typical morphological traits emphasised in previous phylogenetic studies.

中文翻译:

南方食性食肉猴(Casuarius casuarius(Aves,Palaeognathae))的syrinx,舌骨和喉的形态在系统发育上的意义。

背景古龙脑是Aves内的基底进化枝,包括大而不能飞的平足和较小的,tin伏的钛质。尽管已对古颚形态,生态学和进化史的各个方面进行了大量研究,但仍有一些领域需要调查。这项研究旨在填补我们对南方食火鸡Casuarius casuarius的了解的空白,尽管缺少这些结构的信息,这些信息仍缺乏关于syrinx,舌骨和喉的骨骼系统的信息-尽管这些结构被认为具有与发声,呼吸有关的关键功能和喂养。先前对syrinx和舌骨的研究也表明,这些结构对于确定新生gna类群之间的进化关系很有价值,因此暗示它们也将为古古猿的系统发育分析提供信息,而形态学和分子树之间仍然存在强烈的冲突。结果从CT扫描中可以描述出卡萨氏梭菌的syrinx,舌骨和喉的形态。syrinx是简单的气管支气管syrinx类型,缺少诸如脓疱之类的特殊元素。舌骨相对短于支气管,而支气管较上支气管。喉由完全软骨的,标准的禽类解剖元素组成,包括凹入的盆状环状和融合环状翼。就像在喉中一样,syrinx和舌骨都没有骨化,并且所有三个结构都与Dromaius最相似。我们记录了古鼻在syrinx,舌骨和喉部的骨骼特征状态中的显着差异,使用文献和新颖的观察结果(例如卡苏氏梭菌)。值得注意的是,与该进化枝的分子证据一致的是,鉴定出了连接双去甲亚型和犬科的新同型型。这些共有的形态特征包括环状和软骨状骨的骨化,以及附加的颅骨特征,即在上颌鼻突和上颌突突之间的衔接。结论古gna的Syrinx,舌骨和喉部特征与分子树相比,与其他形态学特征具有更大的一致性。因此,与以前的系统发育研究中所强调的典型形态特征相比,这些结构可能较不容易出现与飞行和巨人主义有关的同质性。鉴定了连接双去甲亚目和犬科的新同型,与该进化枝的分子证据一致。这些共有的形态特征包括环状和软骨状骨的骨化,以及附加的颅骨特征,即在上颌鼻突和上颌突突之间的衔接。结论古gna的Syrinx,舌骨和喉部特征与分子树相比,与其他形态学特征具有更大的一致性。因此,与以前的系统发育研究中所强调的典型形态特征相比,这些结构可能较不容易出现与飞行和巨人主义有关的同质性。鉴定了连接双去甲亚型和犬科的新亚型,与该进化枝的分子证据一致。这些共有的形态特征包括环状和软骨状骨的骨化,以及附加的颅骨特征,即在上颌鼻突和上颌突突之间的衔接。结论古gna的Syrinx,舌骨和喉部特征与分子树相比,与其他形态学特征具有更大的一致性。因此,与以前的系统发育研究中所强调的典型形态特征相比,这些结构可能较不容易出现与飞行和巨人主义有关的同质性。这些共有的形态特征包括环状和软骨状骨的骨化,以及附加的颅骨特征,即在上颌鼻突和上颌突突之间的衔接。结论古gna的Syrinx,舌骨和喉部特征与分子树相比,与其他形态学特征具有更大的一致性。因此,与以前的系统发育研究中所强调的典型形态特征相比,这些结构可能较不容易出现与飞行和巨人主义有关的同质性。这些共有的形态特征包括环状和软骨状骨的骨化,以及附加的颅骨特征,即在上颌鼻突和上颌突突之间的衔接。结论古gna的Syrinx,舌骨和喉部特征与分子树相比,与其他形态学特征具有更大的一致性。因此,与以前的系统发育研究中所强调的典型形态特征相比,这些结构可能较不容易出现与飞行和巨人主义有关的同质性。古蛇舌的舌骨和喉部特征与分子树的一致性比其他形态学特征更大。因此,与以前的系统发育研究中所强调的典型形态特征相比,这些结构可能较不容易出现与飞行和巨人主义有关的同质性。古蛇舌的舌骨和喉部特征与分子树的一致性比其他形态学特征更大。因此,与以前的系统发育研究中所强调的典型形态特征相比,这些结构可能较不容易出现与飞行和巨人主义有关的同质性。
更新日期:2019-12-30
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